Prosecution Insights
Last updated: April 19, 2026
Application No. 18/082,725

BREAST PUMP SYSTEMS

Final Rejection §103
Filed
Dec 16, 2022
Examiner
FREHE, WILLIAM R
Art Unit
3783
Tech Center
3700 — Mechanical Engineering & Manufacturing
Assignee
Willow Innovations Inc.
OA Round
7 (Final)
60%
Grant Probability
Moderate
8-9
OA Rounds
3y 11m
To Grant
99%
With Interview

Examiner Intelligence

Grants 60% of resolved cases
60%
Career Allow Rate
229 granted / 382 resolved
-10.1% vs TC avg
Strong +41% interview lift
Without
With
+41.4%
Interview Lift
resolved cases with interview
Typical timeline
3y 11m
Avg Prosecution
50 currently pending
Career history
432
Total Applications
across all art units

Statute-Specific Performance

§101
0.4%
-39.6% vs TC avg
§103
51.2%
+11.2% vs TC avg
§102
19.6%
-20.4% vs TC avg
§112
23.4%
-16.6% vs TC avg
Black line = Tech Center average estimate • Based on career data from 382 resolved cases

Office Action

§103
DETAILED ACTION Notice of Pre-AIA or AIA Status The present application, filed on or after March 16, 2013, is being examined under the first inventor to file provisions of the AIA . Claim Rejections - 35 USC § 103 The following is a quotation of 35 U.S.C. 103 which forms the basis for all obviousness rejections set forth in this Office action: A patent for a claimed invention may not be obtained, notwithstanding that the claimed invention is not identically disclosed as set forth in section 102, if the differences between the claimed invention and the prior art are such that the claimed invention as a whole would have been obvious before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to a person having ordinary skill in the art to which the claimed invention pertains. Patentability shall not be negated by the manner in which the invention was made. Claims 13 and 17-19 are rejected under35 U.S.C. 103 as being unpatentable over Khalil et al. (USPGPub 2013/0023821) in view of Pirzada et al. (USPGPub 2015/0112298), Weber et al. (USPGPub 2012/0277728), and Pacini (USPGPub 2009/0194116) above, and further in view of Myers et al. (USPGPub 2002/0193731). Re Claim 13, Khalil teaches a wearable, portable self-powered breast pump system for pumping milk from a breast and sized and shaped to fit within a bra (Khalil Figs. 9-11; Abstract), the breast pump system comprising: a shell (6', 6"); a power source contained within the shell (6', 6") (as described at Khalil ¶ 0051); a pump (80, 81) contained within the shell (6', 6") (Khalil ¶ 0058, 0061); a skin contact member (1) configured to contact and form a seal with the breast and to mate with the shell (6', 6") (Khalil ¶ 0060, 0066), the skin contact member (1) including a nipple receiving portion (13) (wherein opening 13 of breast interface 1 formed by stub 10 receives the nipple as described at Khalil ¶ 0049, 0060, 0066; Figs. 4 and 11) and a bottom portion (13-1) below the nipple receiving portion (13) (as seen below in Khalil Annotated Fig. 11 below); a milk collection container (7') having a rigid exterior surface configured to contact the bra (Khalil Figs. 9-11; ¶ 0069), the milk collection container (7') connected to the nipple receiving portion (13) (Khalil Figs. 4-5; ¶ 0066); and, a conduit suction path (20, 21, 22, 41, 42, 80) above the nipple receiving portion (13), the pump (80, 81) positioned to create an upward suction within the nipple receiving portion (13) (Khalil ¶ 0058, 0061 - wherein upward suction is achieved by vacuum applied to conduit suction path elements 20, 21, 22, 41, 42, 80), the upward suction being directed generally upward relative to the bottom portion (13-1) of the skin contact member (Khalil ¶ 0058, 0061; Khalil Annotated Fig. 11 below). However, Khalil fails to teach a wireless communication between the wearable, portable self-powered breast pump system and an external computer that automatically tracks pumping and communicates with the pump. Pirzada teaches a breast pump system (Pirzada Abstract) comprising a wireless communication between the breast pump system and an external computer that automatically tracks pumping and communicates with the pump for providing feedback or assistance where the user is not using the breast pump system correctly or where the user is feeling uncomfortable (Pirzada ¶ 0040-0041, 0048-0049; Fig. 7; Claims 4 and 16). Therefore, it would have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective foiling date of the claimed invention to have included with the breast pump system of Khalil an external computer that automatically tracks pumping and communicates with the pump as disclosed by Pirzada for providing feedback or assistance where the user is not using the breast pump system correctly or where the user is feeling uncomfortable (Pirzada ¶ 0040-0041, 0048-0049; Fig. 7; Claims 4 and 16). Khalil also fails to teach wherein upward suction in a portion of the nipple receiving portion that is sized and shaped to receive a portion of a tissue of the breast directs at least a portion of pumped milk generally upward relative to the bottom portion of the skin contact member. Weber teaches a breast pump system (Weber Figs. 1 and 2) comprising a conduit suction path (31) (Weber embodiment of Figs. 10 or 11) and a skin contact member (421) configured to contact and form a seal with the breast (Weber ¶ 0085), the skin contact (421) including a nipple receiving portion (42) sized and shaped to receive a portion of a tissue of the breast (Weber ¶ 0084); wherein upward suction in a portion of the nipple receiving portion (42) directs at least a portion of pumped milk generally upward relative to a bottom portion of the skin contact member (421) for extraction through the conduit suction path (31) positioned above the nipple receiving portion (42) (Weber ¶ 0092-0094; Figs. 8 and 10-11). Therefore, it would have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to have configured the nipple receiving portion of Khalil such that upward suction in a portion of the nipple receiving portion that is sized and shaped to receive a portion of a tissue of the breast directs at least a portion of pumped milk generally upward relative to the bottom portion of the skin contact member as disclosed by Weber for extraction through a conduit suction path positioned above the nipple receiving portion (Weber ¶ 0092-0094; Figs. 8 and 10-11 - wherein the conduit suction path of Khalil leading to the duckbill valve could be positioned above the nipple receiving portion for purposes of ergonomics or shaping of the breast profile of the device). Khalil fails to teach the nipple receiving portion is positioned below a center of the shell so that the breast pump system rides in a higher position relative to the breast. Pacini teaches a breast shield (1) comprising a shell (3) and nipple receiving portion (22), the nipple receiving portion (22) is positioned below a center of the shell (3) (Pacini Fig. 2) for aligning the mother's nipple when the breast shield is placed on the breast (Pacini ¶ 0020). Therefore, it would have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to have configured the nipple receiving portion of Khalil to be positioned below a center of the shell as disclosed by Pacini for aligning the mother's nipple when the breast shield is placed on the breast (Pacini ¶ 0020), the modification of Khalil via the teaching of Pacini resulting in the breast pump riding in a higher position relative to the breast. Finally, Khalil in view of in view of Pirzada, Weber and Pacini fail to explicitly teach the power source contained within the shell being a battery. Myers teaches a breast pump system (Myers Fig. 5) comprising a shell (12) and a battery (26) contained within the shell (12) for wireless, hands-free power of said breast pump system (Myers ¶ 0048-0049). Therefore, it would have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to have had the power source in the breast pump system of Khalil in view of in view of Pirzada, Weber and Pacini be a battery contained within the shell as disclosed by Myers for wireless, hands-free power of said breast pump system (Myers ¶ 0048-0049). Re Claim 17, Khalil in view of in view of Pirzada, Weber and Pacini above, and further in view of Myers teach all of the limitations of Claim 13. Khalil further teaches wherein the breast pump system defines a generally breast shape (as seen in Khalil Figs. 9 and 10). Re Claim 18, Khalil in view of in view of Pirzada, Weber and Pacini above, and further in view of Myers teach all of the limitations of Claim 17. Khalil further teaches wherein the milk collection container (7') forms part of the generally breast shape of the breast pump system (as seen in Khalil Figs. 9 and 10). Re Claim 19, Khalil in view of in view of Pirzada, Weber and Pacini above, and further in view of Myers teach all of the limitations of Claim 18. Khalil further teaches wherein the milk collection container (7') has a valve (5) (Khalil ¶ 0069). Claims 14 and 16 are rejected under 35 U.S.C. 103 as being unpatentable over Khalil et al. (USPGPub 2013/0023821) in view of Pirzada et al. (USPGPub 2015/0112298), Weber et al. (USPGPub 2012/0277728), and Pacini (USPGPub 2009/0194116) above, and further in view of Myers et al. (USPGPub 2002/0193731) as applied to Claim 13 above, and further in view of Quackenbush et al. (USPG Pub 2008/0255503). Re Claim 14, Khalil in view of in view of Pirzada, Weber and Pacini above, and further in view of Myers teach all of the limitations of Claim 13. Khalil in view of Pirzada, Weber and Pacini above, and further in view of Myers fail to teach wherein the breast pump system includes a letdown mode and an extraction mode. Quackenbush teaches a wearable, portable self - powered breast pump system (Quackenbush Abstract; Fig. 1) for pumping milk from a breast wherein the breast pump system includes a letdown mode and an extraction mode (Quackenbush ¶ 0016) for reaching a maximum negative pressure, and then a desired minimum negative pressure still less than ambient, without the need to return to atmospheric pressure for successful milk expression for improved comfort to the nursing mother in that the reciprocation of a breast or nipple within the breastshield is minimized (Quackenbush ¶ 0013). Therefore, it would have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to have configured the breast pump system of Khalil in view of in view of Pirzada, Weber and Pacini above, and further in view of Myers to include a letdown mode and an extraction mode as disclosed by Quackenbush for reaching a maximum negative pressure, and then a desired minimum negative pressure still less than ambient, without the need to return to atmospheric pressure for successful milk expression for improved comfort to the nursing mother in that the reciprocation of a breast or nipple within the breastshield is minimized (Quackenbush ¶ 0013). Re Claim 16, Khalil in view of in view of Pirzada, Weber and Pacini above, and further in view of Myers as applied to Claim 13 above, and further in view of Quackenbush teach all of the limitations of Claim 14. Khalil further teaches a controller (control system) (Khalil ¶ 0068). Khalil fails to teach the controller configured to change a pumping magnitude upon a predetermined time. Quackenbush teaches the wearable, portable self-powered breast pump system (Quackenbush Abstract; Fig. 1) comprising a controller (220) configured for comfort to the nursing mother (Quackenbush ¶ 0013). Therefore, it would have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to have configured the controller of Khalil in view of in view of Pirzada, Weber and Pacini above, and further in view of Myers as applied to Claim 13 above, and further in view of Quackenbush to be configured to change a pumping magnitude upon a predetermined time as disclosed by Quackenbush for comfort to the nursing mother (Quackenbush ¶ 0013). Response to Arguments Applicant's arguments filed 01/14/2026 have been fully considered but they are not persuasive. Applicant’s arguments begin in the second full paragraph in Page 5 of the response. There, applicant argues: Independent claim 13 has been amended to recite a wearable, portable self- powered breast pump system for pumping milk from a breast and sized and shaped to fit within a bra including, among other things, a pump positioned to create an upward suction within a nipple receiving portion in a portion of the nipple receiving portion that is sized and shaped to receive a portion of a tissue of the breast, the suction and at least a portion of the milk being directed generally upward relative to the bottom portion of the flange. It is respectfully submitted that the cited prior art does not disclose such subject matter. Applicant goes on to argue secondary reference Weber not disclosing said amendments to Claim 13. However, Weber teaches the skin contact (421) including a nipple receiving portion (42) sized and shaped to receive a portion of a tissue of the breast as discussed at Weber paragraph 0084. Weber further teaches wherein upward suction in a portion of the nipple receiving portion (42) directs at least a portion of pumped milk generally upward relative to a bottom portion of the skin contact member (421) for extraction through the conduit suction path (31) positioned above the nipple receiving portion (42). This can be seen in Weber Figs. 8 and specifically, the embodiments of Figs. 10 and 11, and is discussed in Weber paragraphs 0092-0094. The suction in Weber is above, or upward in relation to the nipple receiving portion (42). Applicant should recite how upward suction of milk is occurring radially in relation to the nipple receiving portion and why this flatter design is superior over the embodiment of Weber. This may be sufficient to overcome the rejection of the claims in the present case. Applicant is free to send proposed amendments to examiner to review whether the case could be moved to allowance on such a basis prior to filing a response. Conclusion Applicant's amendment necessitated the new ground(s) of rejection presented in this Office action. Accordingly, THIS ACTION IS MADE FINAL. See MPEP § 706.07(a). Applicant is reminded of the extension of time policy as set forth in 37 CFR 1.136(a). A shortened statutory period for reply to this final action is set to expire THREE MONTHS from the mailing date of this action. In the event a first reply is filed within TWO MONTHS of the mailing date of this final action and the advisory action is not mailed until after the end of the THREE-MONTH shortened statutory period, then the shortened statutory period will expire on the date the advisory action is mailed, and any nonprovisional extension fee (37 CFR 1.17(a)) pursuant to 37 CFR 1.136(a) will be calculated from the mailing date of the advisory action. In no event, however, will the statutory period for reply expire later than SIX MONTHS from the mailing date of this final action. Any inquiry concerning this communication or earlier communications from the examiner should be directed to WILLIAM R FREHE whose telephone number is (571)272-8225. The examiner can normally be reached 10:30AM-7:30PM. Examiner interviews are available via telephone, in-person, and video conferencing using a USPTO supplied web-based collaboration tool. To schedule an interview, applicant is encouraged to use the USPTO Automated Interview Request (AIR) at http://www.uspto.gov/interviewpractice. If attempts to reach the examiner by telephone are unsuccessful, the examiner’s supervisor, Kevin Sirmons can be reached at 571-272-4965. The fax phone number for the organization where this application or proceeding is assigned is 571-273-8300. Information regarding the status of published or unpublished applications may be obtained from Patent Center. Unpublished application information in Patent Center is available to registered users. To file and manage patent submissions in Patent Center, visit: https://patentcenter.uspto.gov. Visit https://www.uspto.gov/patents/apply/patent-center for more information about Patent Center and https://www.uspto.gov/patents/docx for information about filing in DOCX format. For additional questions, contact the Electronic Business Center (EBC) at 866-217-9197 (toll-free). If you would like assistance from a USPTO Customer Service Representative, call 800-786-9199 (IN USA OR CANADA) or 571-272-1000. /WILLIAM R FREHE/Examiner, Art Unit 3783 /REBECCA E EISENBERG/Supervisory Patent Examiner, Art Unit 3781
Read full office action

Prosecution Timeline

Dec 16, 2022
Application Filed
Apr 29, 2023
Non-Final Rejection — §103
Jun 27, 2023
Response Filed
Jul 31, 2023
Final Rejection — §103
Sep 01, 2023
Response after Non-Final Action
Sep 01, 2023
Notice of Allowance
Sep 11, 2023
Response after Non-Final Action
Nov 27, 2023
Applicant Interview (Telephonic)
Nov 27, 2023
Examiner Interview Summary
Jan 05, 2024
Non-Final Rejection — §103
Jan 05, 2024
Examiner Interview (Telephonic)
Feb 13, 2024
Response Filed
Feb 13, 2024
Applicant Interview (Telephonic)
Feb 16, 2024
Examiner Interview Summary
Feb 23, 2024
Examiner Interview (Telephonic)
Jun 06, 2024
Non-Final Rejection — §103
Oct 14, 2024
Response Filed
Feb 07, 2025
Final Rejection — §103
May 20, 2025
Request for Continued Examination
May 25, 2025
Response after Non-Final Action
Sep 15, 2025
Non-Final Rejection — §103
Jan 14, 2026
Response Filed
Mar 19, 2026
Final Rejection — §103 (current)

Precedent Cases

Applications granted by this same examiner with similar technology

Patent 12594378
PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE FOR DRUG DELIVERY DEVICE
2y 5m to grant Granted Apr 07, 2026
Patent 12551667
CATHETER, INFLATABLE BALLOON FOR A CATHETER
2y 5m to grant Granted Feb 17, 2026
Patent 12551618
SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MITIGATING RISK IN AUTOMATED MEDICAMENT DOSING
2y 5m to grant Granted Feb 17, 2026
Patent 12551627
AUTO-INJECTOR
2y 5m to grant Granted Feb 17, 2026
Patent 12539123
METHODS AND DEVICES FOR BLOOD DISPLACEMENT-BASED LOCALIZED TREATMENT
2y 5m to grant Granted Feb 03, 2026
Study what changed to get past this examiner. Based on 5 most recent grants.

AI Strategy Recommendation

Get an AI-powered prosecution strategy using examiner precedents, rejection analysis, and claim mapping.
Powered by AI — typically takes 5-10 seconds

Prosecution Projections

8-9
Expected OA Rounds
60%
Grant Probability
99%
With Interview (+41.4%)
3y 11m
Median Time to Grant
High
PTA Risk
Based on 382 resolved cases by this examiner. Grant probability derived from career allow rate.

Sign in with your work email

Enter your email to receive a magic link. No password needed.

Personal email addresses (Gmail, Yahoo, etc.) are not accepted.

Free tier: 3 strategy analyses per month