DETAILED ACTION
NOTICE OF PRE-AIA OR AIA STATUS
The present application, filed on or after March 16, 2013, is being examined under the first inventor to file provisions of the AIA .
STATUS OF CLAIMS
This action is in response to the Applicant’s arguments and amendments filed on 1/08/2026. Applicant amended claim 8. Claims 8-11 are pending and are examined below.
CONTINUED EXAMINATION UNDER 37 CFR § 1.114
A request for continued examination under 37 CFR § 1.114, including the fee set forth in 37 CFR § 1.17(e), was filed in this application after final rejection. Since this application is eligible for continued examination under 37 CFR § 1.114, and the fee set forth in 37 CFR § 1.17(e) has been timely paid, the finality of the previous Office action has been withdrawn pursuant to 37 CFR § 1.114. Applicant’s submission filed on 1/08/2026 has been entered.
RESPONSE TO REMARKS AND ARGUMENTS
In regards to the claim rejections under 103, Applicant’s arguments and amendments filed on 1/08/2026 have been fully considered but are moot because the new ground of rejection does not rely on any reference applied in the prior rejection of record for any teaching or matter specifically challenged in the argument.
CLAIM OBJECTIONS
Claim 8 is objected to because of claim informalities. Namely:
Claim element “the parking fee information” lacks antecedent basis.
Claim element “the self-driving vehicle” lacks antecedent basis.
Appropriate correction is required.
CLAIM REJECTIONS—35 U.S.C. § 112
The following is a quotation of 35 U.S.C. 112(b):
(b) CONCLUSION.—The specification shall conclude with one or more claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter which the inventor or a joint inventor regards as the invention.
The following is a quotation of 35 U.S.C. 112 (pre-AIA ), second paragraph:
The specification shall conclude with one or more claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter which the applicant regards as his invention.
Claims 8-11 are rejected under 35 U.S.C. § 112(b) or 35 U.S.C. 112 (pre-AIA ), second paragraph, as being indefinite for failing to particularly point out and distinctly claim the subject matter which the inventor or a joint inventor (or for applications subject to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. § 112, the applicant), regards as the invention.
As to claim 8, the claim is vague and indefinite because the claim appears to be attempting to capture two different embodiments which are at odds at each other.
First, the claim states: “determining, by the parking target vehicle, a parking area,” and “the parking target vehicle selects a parking area.” However, the amended language of the claim goes on to state, “receiving, by the GUI, a selection from a driver of the self-driving vehicle of a parking area.” (Emphases added.) It is unclear which entity (i.e., the vehicle or the driver) performs a selection of a parking area.
In fact, the specification appears to delineate these two processes, disclosing the following: “The selection of the parking area may be passively or automatically performed,” wherein, “In a case where a parking area is passively selected, … a driver of the self-driving vehicle 60 may select an appropriate parking area,” and alternatively, “In a case where a parking area is automatically selected, the self-driving vehicle 60 may automatically select an optimal parking area.” (Specification, ¶¶ 53-55, respectively.)
Therefore, the claim appears to recite a paradox in the sense that the claim is attempting to capture two different embodiments which cannot function with each other. Accordingly, it is unclear what is being claimed in light of Applicant’s original disclosure.
Claims 9-11 depend from claim 8.
Therefore, claims 8-11 are rejected under 35 U.S.C. § 112(b) or 35 U.S.C. § 112 (pre-AIA ), second paragraph.
Appropriate correction is required.
CLAIM REJECTIONS—35 U.S.C. § 103
In the event the determination of the status of the application as subject to AIA 35 U.S.C. §§ 102 and 103 (or as subject to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. §§ 102 and 103) is incorrect, any correction of the statutory basis for the rejection will not be considered a new ground of rejection if the prior art relied upon, and the rationale supporting the rejection, would be the same under either status.
The following is a quotation of 35 U.S.C. § 103 which forms the basis for all obviousness rejections set forth in this Office action:
A patent for a claimed invention may not be obtained, notwithstanding that the claimed invention is not identically disclosed as set forth in section 102, if the differences between the claimed invention and the prior art are such that the claimed invention as a whole would have been obvious before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to a person having ordinary skill in the art to which the claimed invention pertains. Patentability shall not be negated by the manner in which the invention was made.
Claims 8–11 are rejected under § 103 as being unpatentable over Ficca (WO2018007065A1; “Ficca”) in view of Trum (US20110063132A1; “Trum”), in view of York et al. (US20160189545A1; “York”), in view of Malczyk et al. (US20200278218A1; “Malczyk”), in view of Zhou et al. (US20240296737A1; “Zhou”) and in view of Rosen et al. (US20160371607A1; “Rosen”)
As to claim 8, Ficca discloses a vehicle parking method in a smart parking system, the vehicle parking method comprising:
measuring, by parked vehicles, inter-vehicle distance values by using sensors embedded therein and transmitting the inter-vehicle distance values and vehicle information to a parking management server, based on vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication (“The subject vehicle 10 may communicate with the autonomous vehicles 12, 14, 16, 18 … through a remote server 60 … to determine the ability of each of the one or more autonomous vehicles 12, 14, 16, 18 within the first range of the subject vehicle 10 to move.” See at least p. 31, ll. 17–24. “The one or more autonomous vehicles 12, 14, 16, 18 may transmit their position to a remote server 60.” See at least p. 34, ll. 1–11.);
generating parking situation information, based on the inter-vehicle distance values and the vehicle information and transmitting the parking situation information to a parking target vehicle, based on V2V communication (“Autonomous vehicle position and gap data” may be generated and transmitted to a subject vehicle 10. See at least p. 26, ll. 19–33 and FIG. 8. “The subject vehicle 10 may communicate with the autonomous vehicles 12, 14, 16, 18 … through a remote server 60 … to determine the ability of each of the one or more autonomous vehicles 12, 14, 16, 18 within the first range of the subject vehicle 10 to move.” See at least p. 31, ll. 17–24.);
determining, by the parking target vehicle, a parking area and one parking space from among parking spaces between the parked vehicles in the parking area, based on the parking situation information (“A vehicle to vehicle transceiver 56 is then used to transmit the autonomous vehicle position and gap data to the subject vehicle 10.” See at least p. 26, ll. 19–33 and FIG. 8. “The gap data is analysed [sic] to ascertain whether there is a gap between an autonomous vehicle 12, 14, 16, 18 and an object adjacent the autonomous vehicle 12, 14, 16, 18 which is equal to or greater than the subject vehicle minimum parking gap 11.” See at least p. 27, ll. 6–12. See also FIG. 9b.);
moving, by the parking target vehicle, to the determined parking space and transmitting, by the parking target vehicle, a movement request message to two parked vehicles configuring the parking space by using the V2V communication (“If the subject vehicle is an autonomous vehicle the subject vehicle may automatically travel to and park in the created gap.” See at least p. 10, ll. 4–15. Continuing, “if there is no gap which is determined to be equal to or greater than the subject vehicle minimum parking gap 11 , then the processing means 44 determines if one or more autonomous vehicles 12, 14, 16, 18 for which autonomous vehicle position and gap data has been received, can be moved to create a suitable parking gap equal to or greater than the minimum parking distance requirement of the subject vehicle 10. If such a parking gap can be created, then the processing means 44 calculates a sequence of instructions 15 to be provided to one or more of the autonomous vehicles 12, 14, 16, 18 to move that one or more autonomous vehicle to create the gap equal to or greater than the minimum parking gap requirement of the subject vehicle 10.” See at least p. 27, ll. 27–33 to p. 28, ll. 1–2. See also FIG. 9b.);
moving, by the two parked vehicles, based on the movement request message and extending the parking space to an available parking space (“The processing means 44 calculates a sequence of instructions 15 to be provided to one or more of the autonomous vehicles 12, 14, 16, 18 to move that one or more autonomous vehicle to create the gap equal to or greater than the minimum parking gap requirement of the subject vehicle 10.” See at least p. 27, ll. 27–33 to p. 28, ll. 1–2. See also FIG. 9b.); and
performing, by the parking target vehicle, an automatic parking process for parking in the available parking space (A sufficient gap position “can be used to autonomously park the subject vehicle 10 in the gap, if the subject vehicle 10 is capable of autonomous parking.” See at least p. 27 and ll. 6–12. See also FIG. 9b, which illustrates that autonomous parking can indeed be performed after two parked vehicles have extended a parking space to an available parking space.),
wherein the parking situation information includes parking congestion information and parking space list information including the inter-vehicle distance values and the vehicle information (“Autonomous vehicle position and gap data” pertaining to a parking area may be generated and transmitted to a subject vehicle 10. See at least p. 26, ll. 19–33 and FIG. 8.),
wherein the automatic parking process includes displaying, by an internal graphical user interface (GUI) on a display device of the parking target vehicle, a parking area mapped to the parking congestion information (“[T]he location of the gap can be indicated to the driver of the vehicle via a user output means 72, for example by using a visual prompt on a visual display.” Page 27, ll. 14-25.).
Ficca fails to explicitly disclose: generating, by the parking management server, parking space list information … and transmitting the parking space list information to a parking target vehicle, based on the V2I communication.
Nevertheless, the claim limitation would have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art in light of Ficca. Namely, one of ordinary skill in the art would have found it obvious to try out of a finite number of communication configurations (utilizing V2V and V2I) to arrive at the claimed invention with a reasonable expectation of success. As mapped out above, Ficca discloses that its invention can be implemented through a remote server 60, wherein a parking target vehicle may indirectly communicate with parked vehicles. One of ordinary skill in the art would have found it obvious that the claimed parking space list information can be offloaded to the remote server 60 and that the parking target vehicle (subject vehicle 10) may receive the parking space list information via V2I communication in lieu of V2V communication. Such would be useful to exploit the advantages of increased computing power of a server. Plus, one of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that offloading computational tasks to a server is a well-known and ordinary feature of the art, and that V2V and V2I are related communication protocols which ultimately fall under the vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication protocol, such that V2V can be switched for V2I (and vice versa) depending on which entities are communicating with each other.
Ficca fails to explicitly disclose: the parking congestion information is a ratio of a sum of the inter-vehicle distance values to a total length value of the parking area.
Nevertheless, Trum teaches: wherein parking congestion information is a ratio of a sum of inter-vehicle distance values to a total length value of the parking area (“The number of available spaces may be determined as the quotient of the length of the parking area divided by vehicle length (either known or average), including an estimation of average inter-vehicle parking distance.” ¶ 89. “The PAP module 590 on the server 302 is then arranged to determine a parking availability profile (PAP) for each of the parking areas 930, 940, 950.” ¶ 90.).
Ficca discloses: a vehicle parking method in a smart parking system, wherein parked vehicles move to extend a parking space to an available parking space; and wherein a parking target vehicle performs automatic parking to an available parking space determined based on at least parking congestion information and parking space list information including inter-vehicle distance values and vehicle information. Trum teaches: wherein parking congestion information is a ratio of a sum of inter-vehicle distance values to a total length value of the parking area.
It would have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the invention of Ficca to include the feature of: wherein parking congestion information is a ratio of a sum of inter-vehicle distance values to a total length value of the parking area, as taught by Trum, with a reasonable expectation of success because this feature is useful for determining a number of spaces in a parking area. (See Trum, ¶ 89.)
The combination of Ficca and Trum fails to explicitly disclose: the parking target vehicle selects a parking area having a lowest parking congestion rate based on the parking congestion information from among a plurality of parking areas.
Nevertheless, York teaches: selecting a parking area having a lowest parking congestion rate based on parking congestion information from among a plurality of parking areas (“The venue management system 250 determines a difference between the number of currently occupied spaces in a parking lot 130 and a capacity of the parking lot 130 for each parking lot 130 and selects 420 a parking lot 130 having a maximum difference between its number of currently occupied spaces and its maximum capacity.” ¶ 57.).
Ficca discloses: a vehicle parking method in a smart parking system, wherein parked vehicles move to extend a parking space to an available parking space; and wherein a parking target vehicle performs automatic parking to an available parking space determined based on at least parking congestion information and parking space list information including inter-vehicle distance values and vehicle information. Trum teaches: wherein parking congestion information is a ratio of a sum of inter-vehicle distance values to a total length value of the parking area. York teaches: selecting a parking area having a lowest parking congestion rate based on parking congestion information from among a plurality of parking areas.
It would have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the combination of Ficca and Trum to include the feature of: selecting a parking area having a lowest parking congestion rate based on parking congestion information from among a plurality of parking areas, as taught by York, with a reasonable expectation of success because this feature is useful for directing a vehicle to a parking area having the most availability for parking, thereby securing a successful parking operation. (See York, ¶ 57.)
The combination of Ficca, Trum and York fails to explicitly disclose:
displaying, by an internal graphical user interface (GUI) on a display device of the parking target vehicle, a plurality of parking areas mapped to the parking fee information, and
receiving, by the GUI, a selection from a driver of the self-driving vehicle of a parking area from among the displayed plurality of parking areas.
Nevertheless Malczyk teaches:
displaying, by an internal graphical user interface (GUI) on a display device of a parking target vehicle, a plurality of parking areas mapped to parking fee information (“In one example the symbols themselves are user-selectable. In this example, in response to a user selecting a particular symbol, the method may comprise displaying parking information specific to the entry associated with the symbol. For example, the symbol may represent a parking bay in which parking is permitted and user-selection of the symbol may prompt at least one of: … price per hour of parking in that bay … to be displayed.” ¶ 18; see also ¶¶ 40-45 and FIG. 3B.), and
receiving, by the GUI, a selection from a driver of the self-driving vehicle of a parking area from among the displayed plurality of parking areas (See at least ¶¶ 18, 40-45 and FIG. 3B.).
Ficca discloses: a vehicle parking method in a smart parking system, wherein parked vehicles move to extend a parking space to an available parking space; and wherein a parking target vehicle performs automatic parking to an available parking space determined based on at least parking congestion information and parking space list information including inter-vehicle distance values and vehicle information. Trum teaches: wherein parking congestion information is a ratio of a sum of inter-vehicle distance values to a total length value of the parking area. York teaches: selecting a parking area having a lowest parking congestion rate based on parking congestion information from among a plurality of parking areas. Malczyk teaches: displaying a plurality of parking areas mapped to parking fee information, and receiving a selection from a driver of a self-driving vehicle of a parking area from among the displayed plurality of parking areas.
It would have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the combination of Ficca, Trum and York to include the features of: displaying, by an internal graphical user interface (GUI) on a display device of a parking target vehicle, a plurality of parking areas mapped to parking fee information, and receiving, by the GUI, a selection from a driver of the self-driving vehicle of a parking area from among the displayed plurality of parking areas, as taught by Malczyk, with a reasonable expectation of success because this feature is useful for providing parking information to a driver, thereby addressing the issue wherein “drivers can have difficulty knowing where they are able to park when driving around an area, particularly as there may be parking bays out of their direct line of sight.” (Malczyk, ¶ 3.)
The combination of Ficca, Trum, York and Malczyk fails to explicitly disclose: wherein information displayed by the GUI includes, for each of parking spaces occupied by respective ones of the parked vehicles, position information of the respective ones of the parked vehicles and of respective neighboring parked vehicles.
Nevertheless, Zhou teaches: wherein information displayed by the GUI includes, for each of parking spaces occupied by respective ones of the parked vehicles, position information of the respective ones of the parked vehicles and of respective neighboring parked vehicles (“A first user interface is shown in FIG. 4. Three virtual vehicle models are included in FIG. 4. The three virtual vehicle models include a virtual vehicle model corresponding to a target vehicle and virtual vehicle models corresponding to two parked vehicles, and a triangle icon is displayed at the rear of the virtual vehicle model corresponding to the target vehicle. A user clicks either of the virtual vehicle models corresponding to the two parked vehicles, to determine a parked vehicle corresponding to the either of the virtual vehicle models as a reference vehicle.” ¶ 167 and FIG. 4. See also FIGS. 5 and 11-21.).
Ficca discloses: a vehicle parking method in a smart parking system, wherein parked vehicles move to extend a parking space to an available parking space; and wherein a parking target vehicle performs automatic parking to an available parking space determined based on at least parking congestion information and parking space list information including inter-vehicle distance values and vehicle information. Trum teaches: wherein parking congestion information is a ratio of a sum of inter-vehicle distance values to a total length value of the parking area. York teaches: selecting a parking area having a lowest parking congestion rate based on parking congestion information from among a plurality of parking areas. Malczyk teaches: displaying a plurality of parking areas mapped to parking fee information, and receiving a selection from a driver of a self-driving vehicle of a parking area from among the displayed plurality of parking areas. Zhou teaches: wherein information displayed by the GUI includes, for each of parking spaces occupied by respective ones of the parked vehicles, position information of the respective ones of the parked vehicles and of respective neighboring parked vehicles.
It would have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the combination of Ficca, Trum, York and Malczyk to include the feature of: wherein information displayed by the GUI includes, for each of parking spaces occupied by respective ones of the parked vehicles, position information of the respective ones of the parked vehicles and of respective neighboring parked vehicles, as taught by Zhou, with a reasonable expectation of success because this feature is useful to determine a parking lot as to implement automatic parking. (Zhou, ¶ 4.)
The combination of Ficca, Trum, York, Malczyk and Zhou fails to explicitly disclose: wherein information displayed by the GUI includes, for each of parking spaces occupied by respective ones of the parked vehicles, vehicle registration information of the respective ones of the parked vehicles and the respective neighboring parked vehicles.
Nevertheless, Rosen teaches: displaying vehicle registration information of the respective ones of the parked vehicles and the respective neighboring parked vehicles (“In some exemplary embodiments of the invention there is provided a method including receiving, at a reservation management server, a query including location coordinates from a tracking component in a user client device equipped with a display; responding to the query by transmitting a portion of a map including the location coordinates, the map depicting parking spots and indicating for each spot whether its current status in the system is occupied, empty or reserved; the map displayable on the display. In some embodiments the method includes displaying a vehicle registration number of car that ordered a spot for each spot indicated as reserved on the map.” ¶ 41.).
Ficca discloses: a vehicle parking method in a smart parking system, wherein parked vehicles move to extend a parking space to an available parking space; and wherein a parking target vehicle performs automatic parking to an available parking space determined based on at least parking congestion information and parking space list information including inter-vehicle distance values and vehicle information. Trum teaches: wherein parking congestion information is a ratio of a sum of inter-vehicle distance values to a total length value of the parking area. York teaches: selecting a parking area having a lowest parking congestion rate based on parking congestion information from among a plurality of parking areas. Malczyk teaches: displaying a plurality of parking areas mapped to parking fee information, and receiving a selection from a driver of a self-driving vehicle of a parking area from among the displayed plurality of parking areas. Zhou teaches: wherein information displayed by the GUI includes, for each of parking spaces occupied by respective ones of the parked vehicles, position information of the respective ones of the parked vehicles and of respective neighboring parked vehicles. Rosen teaches: displaying vehicle registration information of the respective ones of the parked vehicles and the respective neighboring parked vehicles.
It would have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the combination of Ficca, Trum, York, Malczyk and Zhou to include the feature of: displaying vehicle registration information of the respective ones of the parked vehicles and the respective neighboring parked vehicles, as taught by Rosen, with a reasonable expectation of success because this feature is useful to “provide a tool for drivers which increases parking efficiency while decreasing parking effort.” (Rosen, ¶ 10.)
As to claim 9, Ficca discloses wherein the determining of the parking space comprises:
comparing the inter-vehicle distance values with a target distance value corresponding to the available parking space (The gap data is analysed [sic] to ascertain whether there is a gap between an autonomous vehicle 12, 14, 16, 18 and an object adjacent the autonomous vehicle 12, 14, 16, 18 which is equal to or greater than the subject vehicle minimum parking gap 11.” See at least p. 27, ll. 6–12. See also FIG. 9b.); and
when all the inter-vehicle distance values are less than the target distance value, determining a largest distance value of the inter-vehicle distance values as the parking space (“If there is no gap which is determined to be equal to or greater than the subject vehicle minimum parking gap 11 , then the processing means 44 determines if one or more autonomous vehicles 12, 14, 16, 18 for which autonomous vehicle position and gap data has been received, can be moved to create a suitable parking gap equal to or greater than the minimum parking distance requirement of the subject vehicle 10. See at least p. 27, ll. 27–33 to p. 28, ll. 1–2. Furthermore, FIG. 5 illustrates that a parked vehicle 16 with a largest distance value from another parked vehicle 14 may be controlled to provide an available parking space; in this sense, a largest distance value of the inter-vehicle distance values is selected as the parking space. See also FIG. 9b.).
As to claim 10, Ficca discloses: wherein the target distance value is a sum value of a length value of the parking target vehicle and a minimum distance value, needed for enabling the parking target vehicle to escape from the parking space without colliding with a parked vehicle, between the parking target vehicle and the parked vehicle (“The subject vehicle minimum parking gap 11 is larger than the physical length of the subject vehicle 10 to allow for maneuvering of the subject vehicle 10 into the parking space or gap.” See at least p. 10, ll. 4–9. Note: One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that a distance which allows a parking target vehicle to enter a parking space necessarily also allows the parking target vehicle to escape the parking space.).
As to claim 10, Ficca discloses: wherein the target distance value is a sum value of a length value of the parking target vehicle and a minimum distance value, needed for enabling the parking target vehicle to escape from the parking space without colliding with a parked vehicle, between the parking target vehicle and the parked vehicle (“The subject vehicle minimum parking gap 11 is larger than the physical length of the subject vehicle 10 to allow for maneuvering of the subject vehicle 10 into the parking space or gap.” See at least p. 10, ll. 4–9. Examiner note: One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that a distance which allows a parking target vehicle to enter a parking space necessarily also allows the parking target vehicle to escape the parking space.).
As to claim 11, Ficca discloses: wherein the transmitting of the movement request message to the two parked vehicles comprises moving to the determined parking space, based on the vehicle information included in the parking space list information (“A vehicle to vehicle transceiver 56 is then used to transmit the autonomous vehicle position and gap data to the subject vehicle 10.” See at least p. 26, ll. 19–33 and FIG. 8.), and
the vehicle information comprises position information about the two parked vehicles configuring the determined parking space (“A vehicle to vehicle transceiver 56 is then used to transmit the autonomous vehicle position and gap data to the subject vehicle 10.” See at least p. 26, ll. 19–33 and FIG. 8.).
CONCLUSION
The following prior art made of record and not relied upon pertains to Applicant’s disclosure. Xiao (US20220242458A1) discloses: receiving, by the GUI, a selection from a driver of the self-driving vehicle of a parking area from among the displayed plurality of parking areas (“A method for selecting parking location for an autonomous driving vehicle is provided. The method comprises steps of: obtaining a request of a user; constructing a first map according to a current location of the user, a first parking location, and a high-precision map; obtaining a second parking location selected by the user on the first map; [and] controlling the autonomous driving vehicle to drive to the second parking location.” Abstract.).
Any inquiry concerning this communication or earlier communications from the Examiner should be directed to Mario C. Gonzalez whose telephone number is (571) 272-5633. The Examiner can normally be reached M–F, 10:00–6:00 ET.
Examiner interviews are available via telephone, in-person, and video conferencing using a USPTO supplied web-based collaboration tool. To schedule an interview, applicant is encouraged to use the USPTO Automated Interview Request (AIR) at http://www.uspto.gov/interviewpractice.
If attempts to reach the Examiner by telephone are unsuccessful, the examiner’s supervisor, Fadey S. Jabr, can be reached on (571) 272-1516. The fax phone number for the organization where this application or proceeding is assigned is 571-273-8300.
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/M.C.G./Examiner, Art Unit 3668
/Fadey S. Jabr/Supervisory Patent Examiner, Art Unit 3668