Prosecution Insights
Last updated: April 19, 2026
Application No. 18/681,348

METHODS, APPARATUS, AND SYSTEMS FOR ENABLING INDIRECT-TO-DIRECT PATH SWITCHING AT LAYER-3 (L3) USER EQUIPMENT (UE)-TO-UE RELAY

Non-Final OA §102§Other
Filed
Feb 05, 2024
Examiner
HAQUE, ABUSAYEED M
Art Unit
2466
Tech Center
2400 — Computer Networks
Assignee
InterDigital Patent Holdings, Inc.
OA Round
1 (Non-Final)
92%
Grant Probability
Favorable
1-2
OA Rounds
2y 5m
To Grant
89%
With Interview

Examiner Intelligence

Grants 92% — above average
92%
Career Allow Rate
581 granted / 634 resolved
+33.6% vs TC avg
Minimal -3% lift
Without
With
+-2.7%
Interview Lift
resolved cases with interview
Typical timeline
2y 5m
Avg Prosecution
26 currently pending
Career history
660
Total Applications
across all art units

Statute-Specific Performance

§101
3.6%
-36.4% vs TC avg
§103
44.0%
+4.0% vs TC avg
§102
29.8%
-10.2% vs TC avg
§112
9.9%
-30.1% vs TC avg
Black line = Tech Center average estimate • Based on career data from 634 resolved cases

Office Action

§102 §Other
DETAILED ACTION This office action is a response to an application filed on 02/05/2024, in which claims 1-15 and 21-22 are pending and ready for examination. Claims 16-20 have been cancelled. Priority Applicant’s claim for the benefit of a prior-filed application under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) or under 35 U.S.C. 120, 121, 365(c), or 386(c) is acknowledged. Claim Rejections - 35 USC § 102 The following is a quotation of the appropriate paragraphs of 35 U.S.C. 102 that form the basis for the rejections under this section made in this Office action: A person shall be entitled to a patent unless – (a)(1) the claimed invention was patented, described in a printed publication, or in public use, on sale, or otherwise available to the public before the effective filing date of the claimed invention. Claims 1, 3, 6, 8, 10, 13, 15 and 21-22 are rejected under 35 U.S.C 102 (a) (1) as being anticipated by Sen et al. (hereinafter, “Sen”; US patent 10,511,954). In response to claims 1 and 15, Sen teaches a method implemented by a first Wireless Transmit/Receive Unit (WTRU), the method comprising: performing a discovery procedure (column 15, lines 5-27, UE1 is equated to a WTRU, performing a direct discovery by a UE at step 1 explicitly teaches this limitation), detecting, based on a result of the performed discovery procedure, that the a second WTRU is directly reachable (column 15, lines 15-27, UE1 is equated to first and UE2 is equated to second WTRU, step 2, establishing communication between UEs is interpreted as detecting that the a second WTRU is directly reachable based on step 1); initiating, following an established indirect link with the second WTRU, establishment of a PC5 direct link with the second WTRU (fig. 7, step 2, direct discovery communication using WLAN is equated to indirect link with the second WTRU, step 7, discovery communication over PC5 is equated to PC5 direct link, column 15, lines 5-27, step 6, instructing or directing the UE1 by a prose server is read as initiating following step 2 or an established indirect link with the second WTRU an establishment of PC5 direct link); switching from the indirect link to the PC5 direct link, wherein the switching from the indirect link to the PC5 direct link includes initiating an indirect-to-direct path switch by including sending a message comprising indirect link information (column 15, lines 5-27, step 7 is read as switching from the indirect link to the PC5 direct link, step 7 is also interpreted as initiating an indirect-to-direct path switch and sending a message, column 13, lines 1-21, neighbor awareness networking (NAN ID is read as indirect link information, using a WLAN discovery frame with a NAN ID for a PC5 message explicitly teaches initiating an indirect-to-direct path switch by including sending a message comprising indirect link information). In response to claims 3, 10, Sen teaches wherein the message comprises a direct communication request message or a direct security mode complete message (fig. 7, step 7, column 15, lines 5-27, establishing a direct communication between two UEs is read as using a direct communication request message, 13, lines 1-21, using a WLAN discovery frame with a NAN ID for a PC5 message explicitly teaches message comprises a direct communication request message). In response to claims 6, 13 Sen teaches further comprising: receiving information indicating whether to switch to the PC5 direct link based on a triggering condition being satisfied (column 7, lines 52-67 is interpreted as performing a PC5 communication procedure, column 15, line 40-62, step 3, threshold or battery level is equated to a triggering condition, step 1, receiving an instruction from a server is read as receiving information indicating for switching whether to switch to the PC5 direct link, step 4, sending a request (to a server ) for a preferred selection is interpreted as deciding whether to switch to the PC5 direct link based on based on threshold or the triggering condition being satisfied); determining whether the triggering condition is satisfied (column 15, lines 40-62, step 3, threshold level is equated to condition for satisfaction, determine connection establishment based on the threshold level explicitly teaches determining whether the triggering condition is satisfied); and triggering the switching from the indirect link to the PC5 direct link based on the triggering condition being satisfied (column 15, lines 40-62, establishing communication/discovery explicitly teaches this limitation). In response to claim 8, Sen teaches a first Wireless Transmit/Receive Unit (WTRU), having established an indirect link with a second WTRU, the first WTRU comprising: a processor configured to (column 21, lines 32-47, controller 2801 is equated to a processor): perform a discovery procedure; detect, based on a result of the performed discovery procedure, that the a second WTRU is directly reachable; initiate, following an established indirect link with the second WTRU, establishment of a PC5 direct link with the second WTRU; and switch from the indirect link to the PC5 direct link, wherein the switching from the indirect link to the PC5 direct link includes initiating an indirect-to-direct path switch including sending a message comprising indirect link information (these limitations are identical to claim 1, therefore, these limitations are rejected as claim 1); and a transmitter/receiver configured to: communicate, with the second WTRU, over the established PC5 direct link after the path switch (column 21, lines 32-47, transceiver 2802 is equated to a transceiver, this limitation is identical to claim 1, therefore, it is rejected as claim 1). In response to claims 21 and 22, Sen teaches wherein the message includes information indicating a type of path switch (column 15,lines 5-27, step 7, establishing discovery/communication is read as using the message for indication, LTE prose radio access technology is equated to a type of path switch). Allowable Subject Matter Claims 2, 4-5, 7, 9, 11-12 and 14 are objected to as being dependent upon a rejected base claim, but would be allowable if rewritten in independent form including all of the limitations of the base claim and any intervening claims. As for dependent claims 2 and 9, these claims are objected, because there is no prior art in the record that teaches claimed limitation “wherein the indirect link information includes any of: (1) one or more relay identifiers associated with the indirect link ; (2) an internet protocol address of the first WTRU; (3) an internet protocol address of the second WTRU; (4) an application identifier; and 5) user information of the second WTRU.” The closest prior art in the record Sen et al. (US patent 10,511,954) teaches on column 15, lines 5-27 about using a location for establishing a direct PC5 communication, but he fails to teach the above cited limitation. As for dependent claims 4 and 11, these claims are objected, because there is no prior art in the record that teaches claimed limitation “the message includes information indicating a preference by the first WTRU that IP internet protocol addresses of the first and second WTRUs used for the indirect link be reused for the PC5 direct link.” The closest prior art in the record Sen et al. (US patent 10,511,954) teaches on column 15, lines 5-27 about using a location for establishing a direct PC5 communication, but he fails to teach the above cited limitation. Claims 5 and 12 are objected because these claims depend on claim 4 and 11. As for dependent claims 7 and 14, these claims are objected, because there is no prior art in the record that teaches claimed limitation “sending a domain name system query message including information indicating a proximity-based service (ProSe) for indirect links; and receiving a DNS domain name system response message including the internet protocol address and the user information of the second WTRU.” The closest prior art in the record Sen et al. (US patent 10,511,954) teaches on column 15, lines 5-27 about using a location for establishing a direct PC5 communication, but he fails to teach the above cited limitation. Conclusion The prior art made of record and not relied upon is considered pertinent to applicant's disclosure. 20230020458…………………paragraph 61. Any inquiry concerning this communication or earlier communications from the examiner should be directed to ABUSAYEED HAQUE whose telephone number is (571)270-7252. The examiner can normally be reached 9 am -7:30 pm. Examiner interviews are available via telephone, in-person, and video conferencing using a USPTO supplied web-based collaboration tool. To schedule an interview, applicant is encouraged to use the USPTO Automated Interview Request (AIR) at http://www.uspto.gov/interviewpractice. If attempts to reach the examiner by telephone are unsuccessful, the examiner’s supervisor, Faruk Hamza can be reached at 571-272-7969. The fax phone number for the organization where this application or proceeding is assigned is 571-273-8300. Information regarding the status of published or unpublished applications may be obtained from Patent Center. Unpublished application information in Patent Center is available to registered users. To file and manage patent submissions in Patent Center, visit: https://patentcenter.uspto.gov. Visit https://www.uspto.gov/patents/apply/patent-center for more information about Patent Center and https://www.uspto.gov/patents/docx for information about filing in DOCX format. For additional questions, contact the Electronic Business Center (EBC) at 866-217-9197 (toll-free). If you would like assistance from a USPTO Customer Service Representative, call 800-786-9199 (IN USA OR CANADA) or 571-272-1000. /ABUSAYEED M HAQUE/ Examiner, Art Unit 2466 /CHRISTOPHER M CRUTCHFIELD/Primary Examiner, Art Unit 2466
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Prosecution Timeline

Feb 05, 2024
Application Filed
Jan 23, 2026
Non-Final Rejection — §102, §Other (current)

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Study what changed to get past this examiner. Based on 5 most recent grants.

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Prosecution Projections

1-2
Expected OA Rounds
92%
Grant Probability
89%
With Interview (-2.7%)
2y 5m
Median Time to Grant
Low
PTA Risk
Based on 634 resolved cases by this examiner. Grant probability derived from career allow rate.

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