DETAILED ACTION
Notice of Pre-AIA or AIA Status
The present application, filed on or after March 16, 2013, is being examined under the first inventor to file provisions of the AIA .
Information Disclosure Statement
The information disclosure statement (IDS) submitted on 21 April 2025 and 21 October 2025 have been considered by the examiner.
Claim Rejections - 35 USC § 112
The following is a quotation of 35 U.S.C. 112(b):
(b) CONCLUSION.—The specification shall conclude with one or more claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter which the inventor or a joint inventor regards as the invention.
The following is a quotation of 35 U.S.C. 112 (pre-AIA ), second paragraph:
The specification shall conclude with one or more claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter which the applicant regards as his invention.
Claims 1-23 are rejected under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or 35 U.S.C. 112 (pre-AIA ), second paragraph, as being indefinite for failing to particularly point out and distinctly claim the subject matter which the inventor or a joint inventor (or for applications subject to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, the applicant), regards as the invention.
Claim 1 recites the limitation "generate a ciphertext (c) based on the message (x), the encoding variable (y), and the public encryption key (e)", after which, it displays a formula that calculates the ciphertext (c) using binary functions based on the message (x), the encoding variable (y), but does not include the public encryption key (e) in the formula. These seem to contradict one and other. . It is further unclear how the private key (f) is used, as the claim text again seems to contradict the formula. It is unclear if and how the public encryption key (e) is used in generating the ciphertext (c) and if and how private key (f) is used to decode the ciphertext. This renders the claim indefinite.
Claim 14 recites the limitation "generating, using the encoder, a ciphertext (c) based on the message (x), the encoding variable (y), and the public encryption key (e)", after which, it displays a formula that calculates the ciphertext (c) using binary functions based on the message (x), the encoding variable (y), but does not include the public encryption key (e) in the formula. These seem to contradict one and other. It is further unclear how the private key (f) is used, as the claim text again seems to contradict the formula. It is unclear if and how the public encryption key (e) is used in generating the ciphertext (c) and if and how private key (f) is used to decode the ciphertext. This renders the claim indefinite.
Claim 20 recites the limitation "the ciphertext is generated (c) based on the message (x), the encoding variable (y), and the public encryption key (e)", after which, it displays a formula that calculates the ciphertext (c) using binary functions based on the message (x), the encoding variable (y), but does not include the public encryption key (e) in the formula. These seem to contradict one and other. It is further unclear how the private key (f) is used, as the claim text again seems to contradict the formula. It is unclear if and how the public encryption key (e) is used in generating the ciphertext (c) and if and how private key (f) is used to decode the ciphertext. This renders the claim indefinite.
Allowable Subject Matter
Claims 1-23, as best understood, would be allowable if the claimed formulas were amended to include the public and private keys role, as indicated in the claimed text.
The following is a statement of reasons for the indication of allowable subject matter:
With regard to claim 1, Honorio Araujo da Silver et al., USPN 2022/0407719, discloses a system for implementing secure communication (0022), the system including an encoder, wherein the encoder is configured to receive a message (the rational number), an encoding variable (using p-adic based integer Hensel encoding as a function of a Hensel encoding value v), and a public encryption key (public key n), generate a ciphertext (c) based on the message (x), the encoding variable (y), and the public encryption key (e) (0009), and transmit the ciphertext (c) on a communication channel, wherein the communication channel is operatively coupled to the encoder (Fig. 1); and a decoder operatively coupled to the communication channel, wherein the decoder is configured to receive the ciphertext (c), the encoding variable (y), and a private encryption key (f) (009-0010), and generate a deciphered form (x') of the message (x) based on the ciphertext (c), the encoding variable (y), and the private encryption key (f), (0009-0010), but does not disclose using binary operations that satisfy axioms of a quandle. It would not have been obvious for one of ordinary skill in the art, prior to the instant effective filing date, to add this limitation to the system of Honorio Araujo da Silver without the benefit of hindsight.
References Cited
Chandrasekaran, USPN 2011/0096926, discloses a system of for implementing secure communication (0003) implementing using knots (0007), and Reidemeister moves against a knot (0029) using symmetric keys (0041).
Conclusion
Any inquiry concerning this communication or earlier communications from the examiner should be directed to JACOB LIPMAN whose telephone number is (571)272-3837. The examiner can normally be reached 5:30AM-6:00PM.
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/JACOB LIPMAN/Primary Examiner, Art Unit 2434
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