DETAILED ACTION
Status of Claims
1. This office action is in response to amendment filed 8/26/2026.
2. Claims 1-20 are pending.
Notice of Pre-AIA or AIA Status
The present application, filed on or after March 16, 2013, is being examined under the first inventor to file provisions of the AIA .
Claim Rejections - 35 USC § 112
The following is a quotation of the first paragraph of 35 U.S.C. 112(a):
(a) IN GENERAL.—The specification shall contain a written description of the invention, and of the manner and process of making and using it, in such full, clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art to which it pertains, or with which it is most nearly connected, to make and use the same, and shall set forth the best mode contemplated by the inventor or joint inventor of carrying out the invention.
The following is a quotation of the first paragraph of pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112:
The specification shall contain a written description of the invention, and of the manner and process of making and using it, in such full, clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art to which it pertains, or with which it is most nearly connected, to make and use the same, and shall set forth the best mode contemplated by the inventor of carrying out his invention.
Claims 1-20
Claims 1-20 are rejected under 35 U.S.C. 112(a) or 35 U.S.C. 112 (pre-AIA ), first paragraph, as failing to comply with the written description requirement. The claim(s) contains subject matter which was not described in the specification in such a way as to reasonably convey to one skilled in the relevant art that the inventor or a joint inventor, or for applications subject to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, the inventor(s), at the time the application was filed, had possession of the claimed invention.
The following newly amended limitations in claims 1, 11 and 20 are not adequately supported by the original disclosure and are hence treated as new matter:
the mapping relationship identity previously determined in the compilation process of the same contract without executing each of the first transactions by the blockchain node, and
The Applicant is requested to provide adequate support for the above limitations or else cancel the new matter.
Claim Rejections - 35 USC § 101
35 U.S.C. 101 reads as follows:
Whoever invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent therefor, subject to the conditions and requirements of this title.
Claims 1-20
Claims 1-20 are rejected under 35 U.S.C. 101 because the claimed invention is directed to a judicial exception (i.e., a law of nature, a natural phenomenon, or an abstract idea) without significantly more.
Step 1: Claims 1-10 are directed to a method; claims 11-19 are directed to a non-transitory, computer-readable medium; claim 20 is directed to a method – each of which is one of the statutory categories of inventions.
Step 2A: A claim is eligible at revised Step 2A unless it recites a judicial exception and the exception is not integrated into a practical application of the application.
Prong 1: Prong One of Step 2A evaluates whether the claim recites a judicial exception (an abstract idea enumerated in the 2019 PEG, a law of nature, or a natural phenomenon).
Groupings of Abstract Ideas:
I. MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS
A. Mathematical Relationships
B. Mathematical Formulas or Equations
C. Mathematical Calculations
II. CERTAIN METHODS OF ORGANIZING HUMAN ACTIVITY
A. Fundamental Economic Practices or Principles (including hedging, insurance, mitigating risk)
B. Commercial or Legal Interactions (including agreements in the form of contracts; legal obligations; advertising, marketing or sales activities or behaviors; business relations)
C. Managing Personal Behavior or Relationships or Interactions between People (including social activities, teaching, and following rules or instructions)
III. MENTAL PROCESSES.
Concepts performed in the human mind (including an observation, evaluation, judgment, opinion).
See MPEP 2106.04 (a) (2) Abstract Idea Groupings [R-10.2019]
The limitations recited in independent clams 1, 11 and 20 –
a method for grouping transactions in a blockchain, executed by a [blockchain node], comprising:
obtaining a plurality of transactions, wherein the plurality of transactions invoke a same contract, wherein the plurality of transactions comprise a plurality of first transactions, wherein execution of each of the first transactions comprises accessing one or more first variables of the same contract that represent permanently stored state values of the same contract, and wherein the one or more first variables correspond to mapping relationships in the same contract;
obtaining, according to a contract address of the same contract and from on-chain contract data stored in the blockchain in association with the contract address, a mapping relationship identity corresponding to the one or more first variables that are to be accessed in the execution of each of the first transactions,
wherein the on-chain contract data comprises an access information table generated during a compilation process of the same contract, the access information table including storage location information of state variables of the same contract,
wherein obtaining the mapping relationship identity comprises retrieving, from the access information table according to the first transactions and using the storage location information, the mapping relationship identity previously determined in the compilation process of the same contract without executing each of the first transactions by the blockchain node, and
wherein a storage position of each of the one or more first variables in a state database is determined based on the mapping relationship identity corresponding to the one or more first variables; and
grouping the plurality of first transactions based on the mapping relationship identity corresponding to each of the first transactions.
– that constitutes Mental Process.
The limitations of the dependent claims –
(Claims 2, 12) mapping relationship identities comprise identifiers of a plurality of layers of mapping relationships from outside to inside, and grouping the plurality of first transactions based on the mapping relationship identity corresponding to each of the first transactions, comprises:
grouping two of the plurality of first transactions into a transaction group in response to determining that a mapping relationship identity corresponding to one of the transactions is at least one layer of mapping relationship identity at an outermost layer of a mapping relationship identity corresponding to the other transaction.
(Claims 3, 13) the blockchain stores contract data of the same contract, the contract data comprises storage location information of state variables asked to be accessed in the same contract, the storage location information comprises storage location information of the one or more first variables, and the storage location information of the one or more first variables comprises the mapping relationship identities corresponding to the one or more first variables; and
obtaining a mapping relationship identity corresponding to the one or more first variables that are to be accessed in the execution of each of the first transactions, comprises:
reading the storage location information of the one or more first variables from the contract data of the same contract according to the first transactions; and
obtaining the mapping relationship identities corresponding to the one or more first variables from the storage location information of the one or more first variables.
(Claims 4, 14) wherein the first transactions invoke a first function in the same contract, the contract data comprises first function data corresponding to the first function, and the first function data comprises storage location information of state variables asked to be accessed by the first function.
(Claim 5, 15) wherein the same contract corresponds to a plurality of numbers arranged in a value sequence, wherein each of the mapping relationship identities comprises at least one first number of the plurality of numbers, and wherein the at least one first number is determined based on a declared position of at least one layer of mapping relationship corresponding to a mapping relationship identity in the same contract.
(Claims 6, 16) obtaining a mapping relationship identity corresponding to the one or more first variables that are to be accessed in the execution of each of the first transactions, comprises:
obtaining the mapping relationship identity corresponding to the one or more first variables that are to be read in the execution of each of the first transactions and the mapping relationship identity corresponding to the one or more first variables that are to be written.
(Claims 7, 17) obtaining a mapping relationship identity corresponding to the one or more first variables that are to be accessed in the execution of each of the first transactions, comprises:
grouping the plurality of first transactions based on the mapping relationship identity corresponding to each of the first transactions, comprises:
generating a first set, wherein the first set comprises the mapping relationship identity corresponding to the one or more first variables that are to be written in the execution of each of the first transactions;
determining whether the first set comprises at least one layer of mapping relationship identity at an outermost layer in first mapping relationship identities corresponding to state variables that are to be read in execution of second transactions in the plurality of first transactions;
grouping at least one layer of mapping relationship at the outermost layer into second sets corresponding to the second transactions in a case where the first set comprises the at least one layer of mapping relationship identity at the outermost layer;
grouping the first mapping relationship identity into a second set in a case where the first mapping relationship identity is the at least one layer of mapping relationship identity at the outermost layer of any one of the mapping relationship identities in the first set; and
grouping the second transactions based on the second sets.
(Claims 8, 18) wherein grouping the second transactions based on the second sets, comprises:
grouping two second transactions into a transaction group in response to determining that a first mapping relationship identity in a second set of one of the two second transactions of the plurality of first transactions is at least one layer of mapping relationship at an outermost layer of a second mapping relationship identity in a second set of the other second transaction.
(Claim 9, 19) receiving a third transaction, wherein the third transaction is used to deploy the same contract, and the third transaction comprises the storage location information of the state variables asked to be accessed in the same contract.
(Claim 10) storing the contract data of the same contract in the blockchain according to the third transaction, wherein the contract data comprises the storage location information of the state variables asked to be accessed in the same contract.
– also constitutes Mental Process.
Hence under Prong One of Step 2A, claims 1-20 recite a judicial exception.
Prong 2: Prong Two of Step 2A evaluates whether the claim recites additional elements that integrate the judicial exception into a practical application of the exception.
Limitations the courts have found indicative that an additional element (or combination of elements) may have integrated the exception into a practical application include:
An improvement in the functioning of a computer, or an improvement to other technology or technical field, as discussed in MPEP §§ 2106.04(d)(1) and 2106.05(a);
Applying or using a judicial exception to effect a particular treatment or prophylaxis for a disease or medical condition, as discussed in MPEP § 2106.04(d)(2);
Implementing a judicial exception with, or using a judicial exception in conjunction with, a particular machine or manufacture that is integral to the claim, as discussed in MPEP § 2106.05(b);
Effecting a transformation or reduction of a particular article to a different state or thing, as discussed in MPEP § 2106.05(c); and
Applying or using the judicial exception in some other meaningful way beyond generally linking the use of the judicial exception to a particular technological environment, such that the claim as a whole is more than a drafting effort designed to monopolize the exception, as discussed in MPEP § 2106.05(e).
The courts have also identified limitations that did not integrate a judicial exception into a practical application:
Merely reciting the words “apply it” (or an equivalent) with the judicial exception, or merely including instructions to implement an abstract idea on a computer, or merely using a computer as a tool to perform an abstract idea, as discussed in MPEP § 2106.05(f);
Adding insignificant extra-solution activity to the judicial exception, as discussed in MPEP § 2106.05(g); and
Generally linking the use of a judicial exception to a particular technological environment or field of use, as discussed in MPEP § 2106.05(h).
Additional elements recited by the claims, beyond the abstract idea, include: blockchain; database; non-transitory, computer-readable medium; one or more computers; one or more memory devices. Examiner finds that any additional element(s), beyond the judicial exception, has been recited at a high level of generality such that the claim limitations amount to no more than mere instructions to apply the exception using generic components (see MPEP 2106.05(f)) or insignificant data gathering activities (see MPEP 2106.05(g)).
The combination of additional elements does not purport to improve the functioning of a computer or effect an improvement in any other technology or technical field. Instead, the additional elements do no more than use the computer as a tool and/or link the use of the judicial exception to a particular technological environment or field of use. The focus of the claims is not on improvement in computers, but on certain independently abstract ideas –
obtaining a plurality of transactions, wherein the plurality of transactions invoke a same contract, wherein the plurality of transactions comprise a plurality of first transactions, wherein execution of each of the first transactions comprises accessing one or more first variables of the same contract that represent permanently stored state values of the same contract, and wherein the one or more first variables correspond to mapping relationships in the same contract;
obtaining, according to a contract address of the same contract and from on-chain contract data stored in the blockchain in association with the contract address, a mapping relationship identity corresponding to the one or more first variables that are to be accessed in the execution of each of the first transactions,
wherein the on-chain contract data comprises an access information table generated during a compilation process of the same contract, the access information table including storage location information of state variables of the same contract,
wherein obtaining the mapping relationship identity comprises retrieving, from the access information table according to the first transactions and using the storage location information, the mapping relationship identity previously determined in the compilation process of the same contract without executing each of the first transactions by the blockchain node, and
wherein a storage position of each of the one or more first variables in a state database is determined based on the mapping relationship identity corresponding to the one or more first variables; and
grouping the plurality of first transactions based on the mapping relationship identity corresponding to each of the first transactions
– that merely uses generic computers as tools. Steps that do no more than spell out what it means to “apply it on a computer” cannot confer patent eligibility. Indeed, nothing in claim 1 improves the functioning of the computer, makes it operate more efficiently, or solves any technological problem. See Trading Techs. Int’l, Inc. v. IBG LLC, 921 F.3d 1378, 1384-85 (Fed. Cir. 2019).
Hence, under Prong Two of Step 2A, the additional elements, when considered individually or in combination, do not integrate the judicial exception into a practical application.
Hence, the claims are ineligible under Step 2A.
Step 2B:
In Step 2B, the evaluation consists of whether the claim recites additional elements that amount to an inventive concept (aka “significantly more”) than the recited judicial exception.
As discussed in Prong Two, the additional elements in the claims amount to no more than mere instructions to apply the exception using generic components. When considered individually or as an ordered combination, the additional elements fail to transform the abstract idea of –
obtaining a plurality of transactions, wherein the plurality of transactions invoke a same contract, wherein the plurality of transactions comprise a plurality of first transactions, wherein execution of each of the first transactions comprises accessing one or more first variables of the same contract that represent permanently stored state values of the same contract, and wherein the one or more first variables correspond to mapping relationships in the same contract;
obtaining, according to a contract address of the same contract and from on-chain contract data stored in the blockchain in association with the contract address, a mapping relationship identity corresponding to the one or more first variables that are to be accessed in the execution of each of the first transactions,
wherein the on-chain contract data comprises an access information table generated during a compilation process of the same contract, the access information table including storage location information of state variables of the same contract,
wherein obtaining the mapping relationship identity comprises retrieving, from the access information table according to the first transactions and using the storage location information, the mapping relationship identity previously determined in the compilation process of the same contract without executing each of the first transactions by the blockchain node, and
wherein a storage position of each of the one or more first variables in a state database is determined based on the mapping relationship identity corresponding to the one or more first variables; and
grouping the plurality of first transactions based on the mapping relationship identity corresponding to each of the first transactions
– into significantly more.
See MPEP 2106.05(f) Mere Instructions To Apply An Exception [R-10.2019].
(2) Whether the claim invokes computers or other machinery merely as a tool to perform an existing process. Use of a computer or other machinery in its ordinary capacity for economic or other tasks (e.g., to receive, store, or transmit data) or simply adding a general purpose computer or computer components after the fact to an abstract idea (e.g., a fundamental economic practice or mathematical equation) does not integrate a judicial exception into a practical application or provide significantly more.
Hence, the claims are ineligible under Step 2B.
Therefore, the claim(s) are rejected under 35 U.S.C. 101 as being directed to a judicial exception without significantly more.
Claim Rejections - 35 USC § 103
The following is a quotation of 35 U.S.C. 103 which forms the basis for all obviousness rejections set forth in this Office action:
A patent for a claimed invention may not be obtained, notwithstanding that the claimed invention is not identically disclosed as set forth in section 102, if the differences between the claimed invention and the prior art are such that the claimed invention as a whole would have been obvious before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to a person having ordinary skill in the art to which the claimed invention pertains. Patentability shall not be negated by the manner in which the invention was made.
Claims 1-20
Claims 1-20 are rejected under 35 U.S.C. 103 as being unpatentable over Xie et al. (US20200145197) in view of Liu et al. (WO2022077186A1).
Claim 1:
A computer-implemented method for grouping transactions in a blockchain, executed by a blockchain node, comprising:
obtaining a plurality of transactions, wherein the plurality of transactions invoke a same contract, wherein the plurality of transactions comprise a plurality of first transactions, wherein execution of each of the first transactions comprises accessing one or more first variables of the same contract that represent permanently stored state values of the same contract, and wherein the one or more first variables correspond to mapping relationships in the same contract;
(See Xie: Para [0065] (“In some embodiments, any two or more of the candidate transactions each involving at least one common transaction account may be grouped under the same (transaction) group, and any two or more of the candidate transactions that do not involve any common transaction account may be grouped under different (transaction) groups. For example, for a pool of candidate transactions, A sends something to B, B sends something to C, and D sends something to E, the transactions between A and B and between B and C can be grouped together under a first group since B is the common transaction account involved in both transactions, and the transaction between D and E can be put in a second group since C and D are not involved in either of the two transactions in the first group.”)
….
…
grouping the plurality of first transactions based on the mapping relationship identity corresponding to each of the first transactions.
(See Xie: Para [0074] (“Block 442 comprises: grouping the candidate transactions into one or more transaction groups. In some embodiments, the one or more transaction groups are independent transaction groups. In some embodiments, grouping the candidate transactions into one or more transaction groups comprises: grouping two or more of the candidate transactions each involving at least one common transaction account under the same transaction group of the one or more transaction groups.”)
Xie does not specifically disclose:
obtaining, according to a contract address of the same contract and from on-chain contract data stored in the blockchain in association with the contract address, a mapping relationship identity corresponding to the one or more first variables that are to be accessed in the execution of each of the first transactions,
wherein the on-chain contract data comprises an access information table generated during a compilation process of the same contract, the access information table including storage location information of state variables of the same contract,
wherein obtaining the mapping relationship identity comprises retrieving, from the access information table according to the first transactions and using the storage location information, the mapping relationship identity previously determined in the compilation process of the same contract without executing each of the first transactions by the blockchain node, and
(See Liu: Claim 1
(“update the mapping table maintained in the contract account corresponding to the routing contract, to modify the first contract address of the old logical contract in the mapping table to the new logical contract”)
(“In response to the first transaction, call the routing contract of the blockchain, and query the second contract address mapped to the first contract address in the mapping table maintained in the contract account corresponding to the routing contract;”)
(“Further call the data contract corresponding to the second contract address, and update the state data of the target field maintained in the contract account corresponding to the data contract, so as to record the state data carried by the first transaction;”)
(“a routing unit, calling the routing contract of the blockchain, and querying the second contract address mapped to the first contract address in the mapping table maintained in the contract account corresponding to the routing contract;”)
(“The method according to claim 6, wherein the state data maintained by the contract account corresponding to the data contract is located in an asset mapping table, and the asset mapping table stores the state data of user accounts and user assets;”)
(“If the first transaction is a credit transaction of user assets, call the data contract corresponding to the second contract address, and record the status data of the user account and user assets in the asset mapping table;”)
(“If the first transaction is an outgoing transaction of user assets, call the data contract corresponding to the second contract address to verify whether the user account indicated by the first transaction is located in the asset mapping table;”)
Therefore, it would have been obvious to a person having ordinary skills in the art before the effective filing date to modify the above noted disclosure of Xie as it relates to transaction grouping to include the above noted disclosure of Liu as it relates to supplement missing data in business logic. The motivation for combining the references would have been to user parallel processing to supplement missing business logic data.
Claims 11, 20 are similar to claim 1 and hence rejected on similar grounds.
Claim 2:
mapping relationship identities comprise identifiers of a plurality of layers of mapping relationships from outside to inside, and grouping the plurality of first transactions based on the mapping relationship identity corresponding to each of the first transactions, comprises:
(See Xie: Para [0069])
grouping two of the plurality of first transactions into a transaction group in response to determining that a mapping relationship identity corresponding to one of the transactions is at least one layer of mapping relationship identity at an outermost layer of a mapping relationship identity corresponding to the other transaction.
(See Xie: Para [0074])
Claim 12 is similar to claim 2 and hence rejected on similar grounds.
Claim 3:
the blockchain stores contract data of the same contract, the contract data comprises storage location information of state variables asked to be accessed in the same contract, the storage location information comprises storage location information of the one or more first variables, and the storage location information of the one or more first variables comprises the mapping relationship identities corresponding to the one or more first variables; and
(See Liu: Claim 1)
obtaining a mapping relationship identity corresponding to the one or more first variables that are to be accessed in the execution of each of the first transactions, comprises:
(See Liu: Claim 1)
reading the storage location information of the one or more first variables from the contract data of the same contract according to the first transactions; and
obtaining the mapping relationship identities corresponding to the one or more first variables from the storage location information of the one or more first variables.
(See Xie: Para [0069] – [0071])
Claim 13 is similar to claim 3 and hence rejected on similar grounds.
Claim 4:
wherein the first transactions invoke a first function in the same contract, the contract data comprises first function data corresponding to the first function, and the first function data comprises storage location information of state variables asked to be accessed by the first function.
(See Xie: Para [0069] – [0071])
Claim 14 is similar to claim 4 and hence rejected on similar grounds.
Claim 5:
wherein the same contract corresponds to a plurality of numbers arranged in a value sequence, wherein each of the mapping relationship identities comprises at least one first number of the plurality of numbers, and wherein the at least one first number is determined based on a declared position of at least one layer of mapping relationship corresponding to a mapping relationship identity in the same contract.
(See Liu: Claim 1)
Claim 15 is similar to claim 5 and hence rejected on similar grounds.
Claim 6:
obtaining a mapping relationship identity corresponding to the one or more first variables that are to be accessed in the execution of each of the first transactions, comprises:
obtaining the mapping relationship identity corresponding to the one or more first variables that are to be read in the execution of each of the first transactions and the mapping relationship identity corresponding to the one or more first variables that are to be written.
(See Liu: Claim 1)
Claim 16 is similar to claim 6 and hence rejected on similar grounds.
Claim 7:
obtaining a mapping relationship identity corresponding to the one or more first variables that are to be accessed in the execution of each of the first transactions, comprises:
(See Liu: Claim 1)
grouping the plurality of first transactions based on the mapping relationship identity corresponding to each of the first transactions, comprises:
generating a first set, wherein the first set comprises the mapping relationship identity corresponding to the one or more first variables that are to be written in the execution of each of the first transactions;
(See Liu: Claim 1)
determining whether the first set comprises at least one layer of mapping relationship identity at an outermost layer in first mapping relationship identities corresponding to state variables that are to be read in execution of second transactions in the plurality of first transactions;
(See Liu: Claim 1)
grouping at least one layer of mapping relationship at the outermost layer into second sets corresponding to the second transactions in a case where the first set comprises the at least one layer of mapping relationship identity at the outermost layer;
(See Xie: Para [0069])
grouping the first mapping relationship identity into a second set in a case where the first mapping relationship identity is the at least one layer of mapping relationship identity at the outermost layer of any one of the mapping relationship identities in the first set; and
grouping the second transactions based on the second sets.
(See Xie: Para [0074])
Claim 17 is similar to claim 7 and hence rejected on similar grounds.
Claim 8:
wherein grouping the second transactions based on the second sets, comprises:
grouping two second transactions into a transaction group in response to determining that a first mapping relationship identity in a second set of one of the two second transactions of the plurality of first transactions is at least one layer of mapping relationship at an outermost layer of a second mapping relationship identity in a second set of the other second transaction.
(See Xie: Para [0069], [0074])
Claim 18 is similar to claim 8 and hence rejected on similar grounds.
Claim 9:
receiving a third transaction, wherein the third transaction is used to deploy the same contract, and the third transaction comprises the storage location information of the state variables asked to be accessed in the same contract.
(See Liu: Claim 1)
Claim 19 is similar to claim 9 and hence rejected on similar grounds.
Claim 10:
storing the contract data of the same contract in the blockchain according to the third transaction, wherein the contract data comprises the storage location information of the state variables asked to be accessed in the same contract.
(See Liu: Claim 1)
Response to Arguments
Applicant's arguments filed 8/26/2026 have been fully considered but they are not persuasive.
101
Applicant argues, citing para 0009, 0094, that conventional parallel transaction engines suffer from severe processing bottlenecks for plurality of transactions invoking a contract and that the claimed subject matter solves bottleneck by grouping transactions according to pre-execution read-write of each transaction.
Examiner finds this unpersuasive because the Applicant’s arguments are not commensurate with the scope of the claims, which do not recite the “pre-execution of transactions” and other features from 0009 and 0094. Examiner notes that obtaining mapping relationship from an access information table in an on-chain contract is a mere data gathering activity (see MPEP 2106.05(g)). Grouping transactions based on the mapping relationship identity corresponding to each transaction – requires observation, evaluation, judgement or opinion and hence falls under the Mental Process category of abstract ideas. Grouping of blockchain transactions bears no similarity to improving a machine learning model (Desjardins) or creating a self-referential table (Enfish). For the above reasons, the Applicant’s arguments are not found persuasive.
103
Applicant’s arguments with respect to claim(s) 1-20 have been considered but are moot because of the new grounds of rejection.
Conclusion
Applicant's amendment necessitated the new ground(s) of rejection presented in this Office action. Accordingly, THIS ACTION IS MADE FINAL. See MPEP § 706.07(a). Applicant is reminded of the extension of time policy as set forth in 37 CFR 1.136(a).
A shortened statutory period for reply to this final action is set to expire THREE MONTHS from the mailing date of this action. In the event a first reply is filed within TWO MONTHS of the mailing date of this final action and the advisory action is not mailed until after the end of the THREE-MONTH shortened statutory period, then the shortened statutory period will expire on the date the advisory action is mailed, and any nonprovisional extension fee (37 CFR 1.17(a)) pursuant to 37 CFR 1.136(a) will be calculated from the mailing date of the advisory action. In no event, however, will the statutory period for reply expire later than SIX MONTHS from the mailing date of this final action.
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/ARUNAVA CHAKRAVARTI/Primary Examiner, Art Unit 3692
