DETAILED ACTION
Notice of Pre-AIA or AIA Status
The present application, filed on or after March 16, 2013, is being examined under the first inventor to file provisions of the AIA .
Continued Examination Under 37 CFR 1.114
A request for continued examination under 37 CFR 1.114, including the fee set forth in 37 CFR 1.17(e), was filed in this application after final rejection. Since this application is eligible for continued examination under 37 CFR 1.114, and the fee set forth in 37 CFR 1.17(e) has been timely paid, the finality of the previous Office action has been withdrawn pursuant to 37 CFR 1.114. Applicant's submission filed on 5/26/2026 has been entered.
Response to Arguments/Amendments
Applicant appears to argue that the prior art of record doesn’t render obvious, “wherein the linker molecule separates the marker molecule from the surface of the first material or the second material of the substrate to increase efficiency of a photoluminescent property of the marker material,” because Yager doesn’t teach separation, while Pettibone doesn’t teach the linker molecule binds to the surface of the substrate (“the linker molecule configured to bind to the surface of the substrate, as recited in the amended claims” in Applicant’s remarks, page 14, filed on 5/26/2026).
First, in response to Yager, the argument is moot because Yager is not relied upon to teach this new limitation.
Second, In response to applicant's argument that the references fail to show certain features of the invention, it is noted that the features upon which applicant relies (i.e., linker molecule configured to bind to the surface of the substrate) are not recited in the rejected claim(s). Although the claims are interpreted in light of the specification, limitations from the specification are not read into the claims. See In re Van Geuns, 988 F.2d 1181, 26 USPQ2d 1057 (Fed. Cir. 1993).
Third, the examiner notes that the substrate (106) of Pettibone includes defect sites (150) which may be structural defects in the substrate or a material on the substrate (column 4, lines 1-30). As can be seen in figures 2A and 2B, Pettibone teaches the linker molecule configured to enable a connection between the substrate and the marker molecule (where the marker molecule of Pettibone is 206), as required by the claim. More specifically, Pettibone teaches a photoluminescent material (200) configured to selectively bind (“selectively attach”; column 4, line 60 – column 5, line 25) to a surface of a material to enhance signal contrast of a feature of interest on the substrate, wherein the photoluminescent material includes a linker molecule (either 204 or 204 and 202) and a marker molecule (206), the linker molecule configured to enable a preferential material connection between the substrate/material and the marker molecule (“selectively attach”; column 4, line 60 – column 5, line 25; note that the defect, 150, is on the substrate which corresponds to wafer, 106, as explained in column 4, lines 10-30) and the marker molecule configured to selectively mark a targeted material to amplify the feature of interest. (column 4, line 60 – column 5, line 25; note that the defect, 160, is on the substrate which corresponds to wafer, 106, as explained in column 4, lines 10-30), wherein the linker molecule separates the marker molecule from the surface of the first material or the second material of the substrate to increase efficiency of a photoluminescent property of the marker material (column 4, line 65- column 5, line 5 and column 5, lines 15-20). Additionally, Pettibone teaches this provides the benefit of maximizing the efficiency of the fluorescent properties (column 5, lines 1-10).
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Claim Rejections - 35 USC § 112
The following is a quotation of 35 U.S.C. 112(b):
(b) CONCLUSION.—The specification shall conclude with one or more claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter which the inventor or a joint inventor regards as the invention.
The following is a quotation of 35 U.S.C. 112 (pre-AIA ), second paragraph:
The specification shall conclude with one or more claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter which the applicant regards as his invention.
Claims 1-4, 6--21, 23-33, 46, and 50-51 are rejected under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or 35 U.S.C. 112 (pre-AIA ), second paragraph, as being indefinite for failing to particularly point out and distinctly claim the subject matter which the inventor or a joint inventor (or for applications subject to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, the applicant), regards as the invention.
Claim 1 reads, “the substrate including a photoluminescent material… wherein the photoluminescent material includes a linker molecule and a marker molecule, the linker molecule configured to enable a preferential material, the linker molecule configured to enable a preferential material connection between the substrate and the marker molecule.” Since the linker molecule and the marker molecule are both a part of the substrate, it’s unclear what is meant by the linker molecule enabling a “material connection between the substrate and the marker molecule.” Does it mean that some part of the substrate (besides the marker molecule) has a “material connection” with the marker molecule? Does it include the marker molecule have a “material connection” with itself since it’s a part of the substrate? Is it another way of saying that it’s integral with other components of the substrate because of the linker molecule? This lack of clarity causes the scope of the claim to be indefinite. For the sake examination, it will be interpreted as the linker molecule configured to enable a preferential material connection between the first or second material of the substrate and the marker molecule.
Claim 34 has similar language and therefore is indefinite for the same reasons and is interpreted the same way as described in the previous paragraph.
Claim 19 recites the limitation "the substrate" in the second to last line. There is insufficient antecedent basis for this limitation in the claim. It’s unclear whether the claim requires the substrate referred to in previous independent claims (which claim 19 does not depend on) or whether this refers to any substrate. This lack of clarity causes the scope of the claim to be indefinite.
Claim Rejections - 35 USC § 103
In the event the determination of the status of the application as subject to AIA 35 U.S.C. 102 and 103 (or as subject to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102 and 103) is incorrect, any correction of the statutory basis (i.e., changing from AIA to pre-AIA ) for the rejection will not be considered a new ground of rejection if the prior art relied upon, and the rationale supporting the rejection, would be the same under either status.
The following is a quotation of 35 U.S.C. 103 which forms the basis for all obviousness rejections set forth in this Office action:
A patent for a claimed invention may not be obtained, notwithstanding that the claimed invention is not identically disclosed as set forth in section 102, if the differences between the claimed invention and the prior art are such that the claimed invention as a whole would have been obvious before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to a person having ordinary skill in the art to which the claimed invention pertains. Patentability shall not be negated by the manner in which the invention was made.
This application currently names joint inventors. In considering patentability of the claims the examiner presumes that the subject matter of the various claims was commonly owned as of the effective filing date of the claimed invention(s) absent any evidence to the contrary. Applicant is advised of the obligation under 37 CFR 1.56 to point out the inventor and effective filing dates of each claim that was not commonly owned as of the effective filing date of the later invention in order for the examiner to consider the applicability of 35 U.S.C. 102(b)(2)(C) for any potential 35 U.S.C. 102(a)(2) prior art against the later invention.
Claims 1-4, 6, 12, 14-15, 17-18, 29, 31, 34-36, 38, 44, 48-49, and 52-53 are rejected under 35 U.S.C. 103 as being unpatentable over Yager (US 20150079683) in view of Hamasaki (US 20130338041 A1), Plain (US 20120252056 A1), Pettibone (US 9970873 B1; cited by Applicant).
Regarding claim 1, Yager teaches an inspection system (figures 1 and 3), the inspection system comprising:
an illumination source configured to generate one or more illumination beams (paragraphs 14 and 25);
a substrate, the substrate including at least a first material and at least a second material (graphene, 12, and exposed area SiO2, 15), wherein the first material is different from the second material, the substrate including a photoluminescent material (18; paragraph 18) configured to selectively bind to a surface of at least one of the first material or the second material to enhance signal contrast of a feature of interest (14) on the substrate (paragraph 18);
one or more detectors configured to detect photoluminescent emission emitted by the photoluminescent material of one of the first material or the second material of the substrate (paragraphs 5 and 31).
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Regarding, “a set of optical elements configured to direct the one or more illumination beams from the illumination source to a surface of the substrate; the set of optical elements configured to direct the photoluminescent emission from the photoluminescent material of one of the first material or the second material of the substrate to the one or more detectors,” Yager teaches direct the one or more illumination beams from the illumination source to a surface of the substrate (paragraphs 14 and 25); direct the photoluminescent emission from the photoluminescent material of one of the first material or the second material of the substrate to the one or more detectors (paragraphs 5 and 31). Additionally, Yager suggests but doesn’t explicitly teach using optical elements to do the above directing (Note that the examples given in paragraph 31 include fluorescence microscopes and automated optical inspection machines, which would suggest to a person of ordinary skill in the art the use of optical elements). Additionally, using optical elements to direct a beam to and from a measurement site is well known in the field. For example, like Yager (and like Applicant), Hamasaki is also directed to an optical inspection system and provides a general teaching of using a set of optical elements (512, 513, 517) configured to direct the one or more illumination beams from the illumination source (507) to a surface of the substrate; the set of optical elements (512, 513, 517) configured to direct the photoluminescent emission from the photoluminescent material of one of the first material or the second material of the substrate to the one or more detectors (518). Benefits include being able to direct the beams of light along the desired axes and to the desired positions (“so as to be on the same axis” in paragraph 67 of Hamasaki) and see below.
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Similarly, as another example, like Yager (and like Applicant), Plain is directed to an optical fluorescence measurement system and teaches that a set of optical elements configured to direct the one or more illumination beams from an illumination source to a surface of the substrate, the set of optical elements configured to direct the photoluminescent emission from the photoluminescent material to one or more detectors (paragraph 78). Additionally, Plain teaches this provides the benefits of directing the beam to the desired region of the sample and collecting an optimum light intensity from the sample region (paragraph 78).
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It would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the above combination such that it comprises a set of optical elements configured to direct the one or more illumination beams from the illumination source to a surface of the substrate; the set of optical elements configured to direct the photoluminescent emission from the photoluminescent material of one of the first material or the second material of the substrate to the one or more detectors – in order to guide the light beam to the target area along one’s desired beam path, guide the emission to the desired area of the detector along one’s desired beam path, provide for a higher signal-to-noise ratio, and optimize collected and detected light intensity.
Regarding, “the photoluminescent material includes a linker molecule…,” Yager teaches the photoluminescent material includes a linker molecule and a marker molecule, the linker molecule configured to enable a preferential material connection between the substrate and the marker molecule and the marker molecule configured to selectively mark a targeted material to amplify the feature of interest (figure 1 and paragraph 18; for more details, see the examiner’s response to arguments, which are reproduced below for Applicant’s convenience).
Regarding the claim limitation containing the linker molecule, upon further search and consideration, the examiner has concluded that the primary reference, Yager, teaches the limitation of the linker molecule. First, the examiner searched general dictionaries and chemical dictionaries and did not find a specialized definition for the term “linker molecule.” Further, Applicant’s specification did not provide a definition of the term. Therefore, the term is interpreted under the broadest reasonable interpretation as a molecule that provides for linking (i.e. connecting or joining), which is consistent with Applicant’s use in the specification. As can be seen in figure 1, the luminescent material includes a molecule that enables a preferential material connection. In other words, it is a linker. (This can also be seen by contrasting it with the alternative embodiment of figure 2, which includes a linker as a part of the substrate). Also, with respect to the cited embodiment of figure 1, and as described in paragraph 18, “the silane fluorophore 18 can bind preferentially with the exposed area 15 of the surface and not to the graphene layer 12 due to an amino silane moiety present in the silane fluorophore 18… has ethoxy groups in the amino silane moiety. The ethoxy groups can react with the hydroxyl groups adsorbed at the surface of the substrate 10 to bind the silane fluorophore 18 to the exposed area 15 of the surface via an oxygen atom, while forming ethanol (not shown) as a by-product. Accordingly, the fluorophore 18 can adhere to the exposed area 15, and not to the graphene layer 12, to label the defect 14 in the graphene layer 12, with a reduced likelihood of leaching from the substrate 10.” The examiner additionally provides the reference Wassel (Scratch resistant non-fouling surfaces) (also included in the additional prior art section) which describes amino silane as a linker molecule in the abstract.
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The above combination doesn’t explicitly teach the linker molecule separates the marker molecule from the surface of the first material or the second material of the substrate to increase efficiency of a photoluminescent property of the marker material.
Like Yager (and like Applicant), Pettibone is directed to an inspection system with luminescent materials (also note that the defects of Pettibone include "pits or cracks in the surface of a wafer" [column 4, lines 25-30] which is further in line with Yager) and teaches a photoluminescent material (200) configured to selectively bind (“selectively attach”; column 4, line 60 – column 5, line 25) to a surface of a material to enhance signal contrast of a feature of interest on the substrate, wherein the photoluminescent material includes a linker molecule (either 204 or 204 and 202) and a marker molecule (206), the linker molecule configured to enable a preferential material connection between the substrate/material and the marker molecule (“selectively attach”; column 4, line 60 – column 5, line 25; note that the defect, 150, is on the substrate which corresponds to wafer, 106, as explained in column 4, lines 10-30) and the marker molecule configured to selectively mark a targeted material to amplify the feature of interest. (column 4, line 60 – column 5, line 25; note that the defect, 160, is on the substrate which corresponds to wafer, 106, as explained in column 4, lines 10-30), wherein the linker molecule separates the marker molecule from the surface of the first material or the second material of the substrate to increase efficiency of a photoluminescent property of the marker material (column 4, line 65- column 5, line 5 and column 5, lines 15-20). Additionally, Pettibone teaches this provides the benefit of maximizing the efficiency of the fluorescent properties (column 5, lines 1-10).
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It would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the above combination such that the photoluminescent material includes a linker molecule and a marker molecule, the linker molecule configured to enable a preferential material connection between the substrate and the marker molecule and the marker molecule configured to selectively mark a targeted material to amplify the feature of interest, and the linker molecule separates the marker molecule from the surface of the first material or the second material of the substrate to increase efficiency of a photoluminescent property of the marker material – in order to maximize the efficiency of the fluorescent properties, as Pettibone teaches.
Yager suggests but doesn’t explicitly teach wherein signal generation of the photoluminescent material is dependent on the area of the feature of interest (e.g. as seen in paragraph 18, the fluorophores bind to the exposed area, which suggests that the larger the exposed area, the more fluorophores and therefore the greater the fluorescent signal). Additionally, like Yager (and like Applicant), Pettibone is directed to an inspection system with luminescent materials (also note that the defects of Pettibone include "pits or cracks in the surface of a wafer" [column 4, lines 25-30] which is further in line with Yager) and teaches signal generation of the photoluminescent material is dependent on the area of the feature of interest (column 13, lines 45-55). It would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the above combination such that signal generation of the photoluminescent material is dependent on the area of the feature of interest in order to measure the size of the defect/feature.
Regarding claim 2, Yager teaches the photoluminescent material preferentially attaches to one of the first material or the second material of the substrate (paragraph 18).
Regarding claim 3, Yager teaches the illumination source is configured to excite the photoluminescent material of one of the first material or the second material of the substrate (paragraph 25).
Regarding claim 4, Yager teaches the photoluminescent material includes at least one of: one or more organic dyes, one or more fluorophores, one or more quantum dots, one or more carbon dots, one or more transition metals, one or more conjugated polymers, or one or more phosphorescent nanoparticles (paragraph 18).
Regarding claim 6, Yager teaches the photoluminescent material is configured to selectively bind to one of the first material or the second material of the substrate (paragraph 18).
Yager doesn’t explicitly teach the binding is to a monolayer.
Like Yager (and like Applicant), Hamasaki is also directed to an optical inspection system and provides a general teaching of binding to a monolayer (paragraphs 9 and 60). Additionally, Hamasaki teaches this provides the benefit of effective binding in a variety of conditions (paragraphs 9 and 60) and ensuring that the binding is easy and efficient (paragraph 8).
It would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the above combination such that the photoluminescent material is configured to selectively bind to a monolayer of one of the first material or the second material of the substrate in order to ensure effective binding in a variety of conditions.
Regarding claim 12, Yager teaches one of the first material or the second material includes at least one of: porous carbon doped organosilicon, copper, cobalt, ruthenium, tungsten, aluminum, silicon, polycrystalline silicon, titanium nitride, or silicon nitride (paragraph 15).
Regarding claim 14, Yager teaches a controller communicatively coupled to the one or more detectors, the controller including one or more processors to execute program instructions causing the one or more processors to identify one or more defects on the surface of the substrate based on the detected photoluminescent emission from the one or more detectors (paragraphs 26 and 28).
Regarding claim 15, Yager teaches the feature of interest includes a defect of interest (paragraphs 26, 28, and 18).
Regarding claim 17, Yager teaches the feature of interest includes a material of interest (paragraph 18).
Regarding claim 18, Yager teaches the substrate includes a wafer (suggested by inspection wafers in paragraph 45).
Regarding claim 29, Yager teaches one of the first material or the second material includes at least one of: porous carbon doped organosilicon, copper, cobalt, ruthenium, tungsten, aluminum, silicon, polycrystalline silicon, titanium nitride, or silicon nitride (paragraph 15).
Regarding claim 31, Yager teaches the feature of interest includes a defect of interest (paragraphs 26, 28, and 18).
Regarding claim 34, Yager teaches a method (figures 1 and 3) comprising:
generating one or more illumination beams using an illumination source (paragraphs 14 and 25);
directing the one or more illumination beams to a substrate, the substrate including at least a first material and at least a second material (graphene, 12, and exposed area SiO2, 15), wherein the first material is different from the second material, the substrate further including a photoluminescent material (18; paragraph 18) configured to selectively bind to a surface of at least one of the first material or the second material (paragraph 18); and
detecting photoluminescent emission emitted preferentially from the photoluminescent material of one of the first material or the second material of the substrate using one or more detectors (paragraphs 5 and 31).
Additionally, Yager suggests but doesn’t explicitly teach using optical elements to do the above directing (Note that the examples given in paragraph 31 include fluorescence microscopes and automated optical inspection machines, which would suggest to a person of ordinary skill in the art the use of optical elements). Additionally, using optical elements to direct a beam to and from a measurement site is well known in the field. For example, like Yager (and like Applicant), Hamasaki is also directed to an optical inspection system and provides a general teaching of using a set of optical elements (512, 513, 517) configured to direct the one or more illumination beams from the illumination source (507) to a surface of the substrate; the set of optical elements (512, 513, 517) configured to direct the photoluminescent emission from the photoluminescent material of one of the first material or the second material of the substrate to the one or more detectors (518). Benefits include being able to direct the beams of light along the desired axes and to the desired positions (“so as to be on the same axis” in paragraph 67 of Hamasaki) and see below.
Similarly, as another example, like Yager (and like Applicant), Plain is directed to an optical fluorescence measurement system and teaches that a set of optical elements configured to direct the one or more illumination beams from an illumination source to a surface of the substrate, the set of optical elements configured to direct the photoluminescent emission from the photoluminescent material to one or more detectors (paragraph 78). Additionally, Plain teaches this provides the benefits of directing the beam to the desired region of the sample and collecting an optimum light intensity from the sample region (paragraph 78).
It would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the above combination such that it comprises a set of optical elements configured to direct the one or more illumination beams from the illumination source to a surface of the substrate; the set of optical elements configured to direct the photoluminescent emission from the photoluminescent material of one of the first material or the second material of the substrate to the one or more detectors – in order to guide the light beam to the target area along one’s desired beam path, guide the emission to the desired area of the detector along one’s desired beam path, provide for a higher signal-to-noise ratio, and optimize collected and detected light intensity.
Regarding, “the photoluminescent material includes a linker molecule…,” Yager teaches the photoluminescent material includes a linker molecule and a marker molecule, the linker molecule configured to enable a preferential material connection between the substrate and the marker molecule and the marker molecule configured to selectively mark a targeted material to amplify the feature of interest (figure 1 and paragraph 18; for more details, see the examiner’s response to arguments, which are reproduced below for Applicant’s convenience).
Regarding the claim limitation containing the linker molecule, upon further search and consideration, the examiner has concluded that the primary reference, Yager, teaches the limitation of the linker molecule. First, the examiner searched general dictionaries and chemical dictionaries and did not find a specialized definition for the term “linker molecule.” Further, Applicant’s specification did not provide a definition of the term. Therefore, the term is interpreted under the broadest reasonable interpretation as a molecule that provides for linking (i.e. connecting or joining), which is consistent with Applicant’s use in the specification. As can be seen in figure 1, the luminescent material includes a molecule that enables a preferential material connection. In other words, it is a linker. (This can also be seen by contrasting it with the alternative embodiment of figure 2, which includes a linker as a part of the substrate). Also, with respect to the cited embodiment of figure 1, and as described in paragraph 18, “the silane fluorophore 18 can bind preferentially with the exposed area 15 of the surface and not to the graphene layer 12 due to an amino silane moiety present in the silane fluorophore 18… has ethoxy groups in the amino silane moiety. The ethoxy groups can react with the hydroxyl groups adsorbed at the surface of the substrate 10 to bind the silane fluorophore 18 to the exposed area 15 of the surface via an oxygen atom, while forming ethanol (not shown) as a by-product. Accordingly, the fluorophore 18 can adhere to the exposed area 15, and not to the graphene layer 12, to label the defect 14 in the graphene layer 12, with a reduced likelihood of leaching from the substrate 10.” The examiner additionally provides the reference Wassel (Scratch resistant non-fouling surfaces) (also included in the additional prior art section) which describes amino silane as a linker molecule in the abstract.
Yager suggests but doesn’t explicitly teach wherein signal generation of the photoluminescent material is dependent on the area of the feature of interest (e.g. as seen in paragraph 18, the fluorophores bind to the exposed area, which suggests that the larger the exposed area, the more fluorophores and therefore the greater the fluorescent signal). Additionally, like Yager (and like Applicant), Pettibone is directed to an inspection system with luminescent materials (also note that the defects of Pettibone include "pits or cracks in the surface of a wafer" [column 4, lines 25-30] which is further in line with Yager) and teaches signal generation of the photoluminescent material is dependent on the area of the feature of interest (column 13, lines 45-55). It would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the above combination such that signal generation of the photoluminescent material is dependent on the area of the feature of interest in order to measure the size of the defect/feature.
The above combination doesn’t explicitly teach the linker molecule separates the marker molecule from the surface of the first material or the second material of the substrate to increase efficiency of a photoluminescent property of the marker material.
Like Yager (and like Applicant), Pettibone is directed to an inspection system with luminescent materials (also note that the defects of Pettibone include "pits or cracks in the surface of a wafer" [column 4, lines 25-30] which is further in line with Yager) and teaches a photoluminescent material (200) configured to selectively bind (“selectively attach”; column 4, line 60 – column 5, line 25) to a surface of a material to enhance signal contrast of a feature of interest on the substrate, wherein the photoluminescent material includes a linker molecule (either 204 or 204 and 202) and a marker molecule (206), the linker molecule configured to enable a preferential material connection between the substrate/material and the marker molecule (“selectively attach”; column 4, line 60 – column 5, line 25; note that the defect, 150, is on the substrate which corresponds to wafer, 106, as explained in column 4, lines 10-30) and the marker molecule configured to selectively mark a targeted material to amplify the feature of interest. (column 4, line 60 – column 5, line 25; note that the defect, 160, is on the substrate which corresponds to wafer, 106, as explained in column 4, lines 10-30), wherein the linker molecule separates the marker molecule from the surface of the first material or the second material of the substrate to increase efficiency of a photoluminescent property of the marker material (column 4, line 65- column 5, line 5 and column 5, lines 15-20). Additionally, Pettibone teaches this provides the benefit of maximizing the efficiency of the fluorescent properties (column 5, lines 1-10).
It would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the above combination such that the photoluminescent material includes a linker molecule and a marker molecule, the linker molecule configured to enable a preferential material connection between the substrate and the marker molecule and the marker molecule configured to selectively mark a targeted material to amplify the feature of interest, and the linker molecule separates the marker molecule from the surface of the first material or the second material of the substrate to increase efficiency of a photoluminescent property of the marker material – in order to maximize the efficiency of the fluorescent properties, as Pettibone teaches.
Regarding claim 35, Yager teaches identifying one or more defects on a surface of the substrate based on the detected photoluminescent emission from the one or more detectors (paragraphs 26, 28, and 18).
Regarding claim 36, Yager teaches the photoluminescent material includes at least one of: one or more organic dyes, one or more quantum dots, one or more carbon dots, one or more transition metals, or one or more conjugated polymers (paragraphs 14 and 18).
Regarding claim 38, Yager teaches the photoluminescent material is configured to selectively bind to one of the first material or the second material of the substrate (paragraph 18).
Yager doesn’t explicitly teach the binding is to a monolayer.
Like Yager (and like Applicant), Hamasaki is also directed to an optical inspection system and provides a general teaching of binding to a monolayer (paragraphs 9 and 60). Additionally, Hamasaki teaches this provides the benefit of effective binding in a variety of conditions (paragraphs 9 and 60) and ensuring that the binding is easy and efficient (paragraph 8).
It would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the above combination such that the photoluminescent material is configured to selectively bind to a monolayer of one of the first material or the second material of the substrate in order to ensure effective binding in a variety of conditions.
Regarding claim 44, Yager teaches one of the first material or the second material includes at least one of: porous carbon doped organosilicon, cooper, cobalt, ruthenium, tungsten, aluminum, silicon, polycrystalline silicon, titanium nitride, or silicon nitride (paragraph 15).
Regarding claim 48, in the above combination signal generation of the photoluminescent material is not dependent on a volume of the feature of interest (since it’s dependent on the surface area due to the photoluminescent material being on the surface and not embedded in the volume; in the interest of compact prosecution, also see the additional prior art which describes area and volume as being distinct dependencies one might choose).
Regarding claim 49, in the above combination a first feature of interest and a second feature of interest having equivalent surface areas but differing volumes have the same amount of photoluminescent material (since it’s dependent on the surface area due to the photoluminescent material being on the surface and not embedded in the volume; in the interest of compact prosecution, also see the additional prior art which describes area and volume as being distinct dependencies one might choose).
Regarding claim 52, in the above combination signal generation of the photoluminescent material is not dependent on a volume of the feature of interest (since it’s dependent on the surface area due to the photoluminescent material being on the surface and not embedded in the volume; in the interest of compact prosecution, also see the additional prior art which describes area and volume as being distinct dependencies one might choose).
Regarding claim 53, in the above combination a first feature of interest and a second feature of interest having equivalent surface areas but differing volumes have the same amount of photoluminescent material (since it’s dependent on the surface area due to the photoluminescent material being on the surface and not embedded in the volume; in the interest of compact prosecution, also see the additional prior art which describes area and volume as being distinct dependencies one might choose).
Claims 7 and 39 are rejected under 35 U.S.C. 103 as being unpatentable over Yager, Hamasaki, Plain, and Pettibone as applied to claims 4 and 36 above, and further in view of Jayaraman (US 20120171776 A1).
Regarding claims 7 and 39, Yager doesn’t explicitly teach the photoluminescent material has a photoluminescent emission time scale less than 10 nanoseconds.
Like Yager (and like Applicant), Jayaraman is directed to an optical photoluminescence based system and teaches photoluminescent material has a photoluminescent emission time scale less than 10 nanoseconds (paragraph 32).
It would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the above combination such that the photoluminescent material has a photoluminescent emission time scale less than 10 nanoseconds in order to detect quickly.
Claims 8, 13 and 40 are rejected under 35 U.S.C. 103 as being unpatentable over Yager, Hamasaki, Plain, and and Pettibone as applied to claims 1, 4 and 36 above, and further in view of Bogaart (US 20160097983 A1).
Regarding claims 8 and 40, Yager doesn’t explicitly teach the photoluminescent material has a spatial characteristic length between 2 nanometers and 4 nanometers.
Like Yager (and like Applicant), Bogaart is directed to an optical inspection system and teaches the photoluminescent material has a size between 2 nanometers and 4 nanometers (2 nm and 3 nm in paragraph 84).
It would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the above combination such that the photoluminescent material has a spatial characteristic length between 2 nanometers and 4 nanometers in order to have a compact device that can measure with high spatial precision.
Regarding claims 13, Yager doesn’t explicitly teach the size of the photoluminescent material is between 3 nanometers and 5 nanometers.
Like Yager (and like Applicant), Bogaart is directed to an optical inspection system and teaches the size of the photoluminescent material is between 3 nanometers and 5 nanometers (3 nm in paragraph 84).
It would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the above combination such that the size of the photoluminescent material is between 3 nanometers and 5 nanometers in order to have a compact device that can measure with high spatial precision.
Claims 9 and 41 are rejected under 35 U.S.C. 103 as being unpatentable over Yager, Hamasaki, Plain, and Pettibone as applied to claims 4 and 36 above, and further in view of Jones (US 20200240992 A1).
Regarding claims 9 and 41, Yager teaches the photoluminescent material has a quantum yield greater than 15 percent.
Like Yager (and like Applicant), Jones is directed to an optical photoluminescence based system and method and teaches photoluminescent material has a quantum yield greater than 15 percent (paragraph 48).
It would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the above combination such that the photoluminescent material has a quantum yield greater than 15 percent in order to have high efficiency and large signal.
Claims 10, 11, and 42-43 are rejected under 35 U.S.C. 103 as being unpatentable over Yager, Hamasaki, Plain, and Pettibone, as applied to claims 5 and 37 above, and further in view of Zhang (US 20100291685 A1)
Regarding claims 10 and 42¸ Yager doesn’t explicitly teach the photoluminescent material includes at least one of: one or more hydrophobic fluorophores or one or more hydrophilic fluorophores.
Like Yager (and like Applicant), Zhang is directed to an optical inspection system and method and teaches a photoluminescent material includes at least one of: one or more hydrophobic fluorophores or one or more hydrophilic fluorophores (paragraphs 2, 36, 39, 41, 46, and 62). Additionally, Zhang teaches this provides the benefit of having the photoluminescent material properties adapted to the properties of the target materials (paragraphs 2, 36, 39, 41, 46, and 62).
It would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the above combination such that the photoluminescent material includes at least one of: one or more hydrophobic fluorophores or one or more hydrophilic fluorophores – in order to have the photoluminescent material properties adapted to the properties of the target materials.
Regarding claim 11, Yager doesn’t explicitly teach the linker molecule includes a self- assembled monolayer material.
Like Yager (and like Applicant), Hamasaki is also directed to an optical inspection system and provides a general teaching of including a self- assembled monolayer material (paragraphs 9, 37, 54, and 60). Additionally, Hamasaki teaches this provides the benefit of effective binding in a variety of conditions (paragraphs 9 and 60).
It would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the above combination such that the linker molecule includes a self- assembled monolayer material in order to ensure effective binding in a variety of conditions.
Regarding claim 43, Yager doesn’t explicitly teach the linker molecule includes a self- assembled monolayer material.
Like Yager (and like Applicant), Hamasaki is also directed to an optical inspection system and provides a general teaching of including a self- assembled monolayer material (paragraphs 9, 37, 54, and 60). Additionally, Hamasaki teaches this provides the benefit of effective binding in a variety of conditions (paragraphs 9 and 60).
It would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the above combination such that the linker molecule includes a self- assembled monolayer material in order to ensure effective binding in a variety of conditions.
Claim 16 is rejected under 35 U.S.C. 103 as being unpatentable over Yager, Hamasaki, Plain, and Pettibone as applied to claim 14 above, and further in view of Yakovlev (US 6611326 B1).
Regarding claim 16, Yager doesn’t explicitly teach the feature of interest includes a pattern of interest.
Like Yager (and like Applicant), Yakovlev is also directed to an optical inspection system and provides a general teaching of a feature of interest includes a pattern of interest (column 8, lines 30-50; column 8, line 65-67).
It would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the above combination such that the feature of interest includes a pattern of interest in order to evaluate substrates that have patterned surfaces to determine if it meets the desired quality goals.
Claims 19, 21, 29, 31, 33, and 50-51 are rejected under 35 U.S.C. 103 as being unpatentable over Yager (US 20150079683 A1) in view of Pettibone (US 9970873 B1).
Regarding claim 19, Yager teaches:
a first material (one of: graphene, 12, and exposed area SiO2, 15);
a second material (the other of: graphene, 12, and exposed area SiO2, 15), wherein the first material is different from the second material; and
a photoluminescent material (18) configured to selectively bind to a surface of at least one of the first material or the second material to enhance signal contrast of a feature of interest (paragraph 18);
wherein the photoluminescent material includes a marker molecule, the marker molecule configured to selectively mark a targeted material to amplify the feature of interest (paragraph 18).
Regarding, “the photoluminescent material includes a linker molecule…,” Yager teaches the photoluminescent material includes a linker molecule, the linker molecule configured to enable a preferential material connection between either the first material or the second material and the marker molecule (figure 1 and paragraph 18; for more details, see the examiner’s response to arguments, which are reproduced below for Applicant’s convenience).
Regarding the claim limitation containing the linker molecule, upon further search and consideration, the examiner has concluded that the primary reference, Yager, teaches the limitation of the linker molecule. First, the examiner searched general dictionaries and chemical dictionaries and did not find a specialized definition for the term “linker molecule.” Further, Applicant’s specification did not provide a definition of the term. Therefore, the term is interpreted under the broadest reasonable interpretation as a molecule that provides for linking (i.e. connecting or joining), which is consistent with Applicant’s use in the specification. As can be seen in figure 1, the luminescent material includes a molecule that enables a preferential material connection. In other words, it is a linker. (This can also be seen by contrasting it with the alternative embodiment of figure 2, which includes a linker as a part of the substrate). Also, with respect to the cited embodiment of figure 1, and as described in paragraph 18, “the silane fluorophore 18 can bind preferentially with the exposed area 15 of the surface and not to the graphene layer 12 due to an amino silane moiety present in the silane fluorophore 18… has ethoxy groups in the amino silane moiety. The ethoxy groups can react with the hydroxyl groups adsorbed at the surface of the substrate 10 to bind the silane fluorophore 18 to the exposed area 15 of the surface via an oxygen atom, while forming ethanol (not shown) as a by-product. Accordingly, the fluorophore 18 can adhere to the exposed area 15, and not to the graphene layer 12, to label the defect 14 in the graphene layer 12, with a reduced likelihood of leaching from the substrate 10.” The examiner additionally provides the reference Wassel (Scratch resistant non-fouling surfaces) (also included in the additional prior art section) which describes amino silane as a linker molecule in the abstract.
For the reasons given above, the examiner considers Yager as teaching this limitation. Alternatively, like Yager (and like Applicant), Pettibone is directed to an inspection system with luminescent materials (also note that the defects of Pettibone include "pits or cracks in the surface of a wafer" [column 4, lines 25-30] which is further in line with Yager) andteaches a photoluminescent material includes a linker molecule, the linker molecule configured to enable a preferential material connection between either the first material or the second material and the marker molecule (column 4, line 60 – column 5, line 25; note that the defect, 160, is on the substrate which corresponds to wafer, 106, as explained in column 4, lines 10-30). Additionally, Pettibone teaches this provides the benefit of maximizing the efficiency of the fluorescent properties (column 5, lines 1-10).
It would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the above combination such that the photoluminescent material includes a linker molecule, the linker molecule configured to enable a preferential material connection between either the first material or the second material and the marker molecule – in order to maximize the efficiency of the fluorescent properties.
Yager suggests but doesn’t explicitly teach wherein signal generation of the photoluminescent material is dependent on the area of the feature of interest (e.g. as seen in paragraph 18, the fluorophores bind to the exposed area, which suggests that the larger the exposed area, the more fluorophores and therefore the greater the fluorescent signal). Additionally, like Yager (and like Applicant), Pettibone is directed to an inspection system with luminescent materials (also note that the defects of Pettibone include "pits or cracks in the surface of a wafer" [column 4, lines 25-30] which is further in line with Yager) and teaches signal generation of the photoluminescent material is dependent on the area of the feature of interest (column 13, lines 45-55). It would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the above combination such that signal generation of the photoluminescent material is dependent on the area of the feature of interest in order to measure the size of the defect/feature.
The above combination doesn’t explicitly teach the linker molecule separates the marker molecule from the surface of the first material or the second material of the substrate to increase efficiency of a photoluminescent property of the marker material.
Like Yager (and like Applicant), Pettibone is directed to an inspection system with luminescent materials (also note that the defects of Pettibone include "pits or cracks in the surface of a wafer" [column 4, lines 25-30] which is further in line with Yager) and teaches a photoluminescent material (200) configured to selectively bind (“selectively attach”; column 4, line 60 – column 5, line 25) to a surface of a material to enhance signal contrast of a feature of interest on the substrate, wherein the photoluminescent material includes a linker molecule (either 204 or 204 and 202) and a marker molecule (206), the linker molecule configured to enable a preferential material connection between the substrate/material and the marker molecule (“selectively attach”; column 4, line 60 – column 5, line 25; note that the defect, 150, is on the substrate which corresponds to wafer, 106, as explained in column 4, lines 10-30) and the marker molecule configured to selectively mark a targeted material to amplify the feature of interest. (column 4, line 60 – column 5, line 25; note that the defect, 160, is on the substrate which corresponds to wafer, 106, as explained in column 4, lines 10-30), wherein the linker molecule separates the marker molecule from the surface of the first material or the second material of the substrate to increase efficiency of a photoluminescent property of the marker material (column 4, line 65- column 5, line 5 and column 5, lines 15-20). Additionally, Pettibone teaches this provides the benefit of maximizing the efficiency of the fluorescent properties (column 5, lines 1-10).
It would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the above combination such that the photoluminescent material includes a linker molecule and a marker molecule, the linker molecule configured to enable a preferential material connection between the substrate and the marker molecule and the marker molecule configured to selectively mark a targeted material to amplify the feature of interest, and the linker molecule separates the marker molecule from the surface of the first material or the second material of the substrate to increase efficiency of a photoluminescent property of the marker material – in order to maximize the efficiency of the fluorescent properties, as Pettibone teaches.
Regarding claim 21, Yager teaches the photoluminescent material includes at least one of: one or more organic dyes, one or more quantum dots, one or more carbon dots, one or more transition metals, or one or more conjugated polymers (paragraph 14).
Regarding claim 29, Yager teaches one of the first material or the second material includes at least one of: porous carbon doped organosilicon, cooper, cobalt, ruthenium, tungsten, aluminum, silicon, polycrystalline silicon, titanium nitride, or silicon nitride (paragraph 15).
Regarding claim 31, Yager teaches the feature of interest includes a defect of interest (paragraphs 26, 28, and 18).
Regarding claim 33, Yager teaches the feature of interest includes a material of interest (paragraph 18).
Regarding claim 50, in the above combination signal generation of the photoluminescent material is not dependent on a volume of the feature of interest (since it’s dependent on the surface area due to the photoluminescent material being on the surface and not embedded in the volume; in the interest of compact prosecution, also see the additional prior art which describes area and volume as being distinct dependencies one might choose).
Regarding claim 51, in the above combination a first feature of interest and a second feature of interest having equivalent surface areas but differing volumes have the same amount of photoluminescent material (since it’s dependent on the surface area due to the photoluminescent material being on the surface and not embedded in the volume; in the interest of compact prosecution, also see the additional prior art which describes area and volume as being distinct dependencies one might choose).
Claim 20 is rejected under 35 U.S.C. 103 as being unpatentable over Yager and Pettibone as applied to claim 19 above, and further in view of Yakovlev.
Regarding claim 20, Yager teaches the photoluminescent material preferentially attaches to one of the first material or the second material of the patterned wafer (paragraph 18).
The above combination doesn’t explicitly teach the wafer is a patterned wafer.
Like Yager (and like Applicant), Yakovlev is also directed to an optical inspection system and provides a general teaching of a wafer is a patterned wafer (columns 1 and 8).
It would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the above combination such that the wafer is a patterned wafer in order to inspect circuits and other devices for defects.
Claim 23 is rejected under 35 U.S.C. 103 as being unpatentable over Yager and Pettibone as applied to claim 21 above, and further in view of Hamasaki and Yakovlev.
Regarding claim 23, Yager teaches the photoluminescent material is configured to selectively bind to one of the first material or the second material of the wafer (paragraph 18; for wafer, see paragraph 45).
Yager doesn’t explicitly teach the binding is to a monolayer; and the wafer is a patterned wafer.
Like Yager (and like Applicant), Hamasaki is also directed to an optical inspection system and provides a general teaching of binding to a monolayer (paragraphs 9 and 60). Additionally, Hamasaki teaches this provides the benefit of effective binding in a variety of conditions (paragraphs 9 and 60) and ensuring that the binding is easy and efficient (paragraph 8).
It would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the above combination such that the photoluminescent material is configured to selectively bind to a monolayer of one of the first material or the second material of the wafer in order to ensure effective binding in a variety of conditions.
The above combination doesn’t explicitly teach the wafer is a patterned wafer.
Like Yager (and like Applicant), Yakovlev is also directed to an optical inspection system and provides a general teaching of a wafer is a patterned wafer (columns 1 and 8).
It would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the above combination such that the wafer is a patterned wafer in order to inspect circuits and other devices for defects.
Claim 24 is rejected under 35 U.S.C. 103 as being unpatentable over Yager and Pettibone as applied to claim 21 above, and further in view of Jayaraman.
Regarding claim 24, Yager doesn’t explicitly teach the photoluminescent material has a photoluminescent emission time scale less than 10 nanoseconds.
Like Yager (and like Applicant), Jayaraman is directed to an optical photoluminescence based system and teaches photoluminescent material has a photoluminescent emission time scale less than 10 nanoseconds (paragraph 32).
It would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the above combination such that the photoluminescent material has a photoluminescent emission time scale less than 10 nanoseconds in order to detect quickly.
Claim 25 is rejected under 35 U.S.C. 103 as being unpatentable over Yager and Pettibone as applied to claim 21 above, and further in view of Bogaart.
Regarding claim 25, Yager doesn’t explicitly teach the photoluminescent material has a spatial characteristic length between 2 nanometers and 4 nanometers.
Like Yager (and like Applicant), Bogaart is directed to an optical inspection system and teaches the photoluminescent material has a size between 2 nanometers and 4 nanometers (2 nm and 3 nm in paragraph 84).
It would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the above combination such that the photoluminescent material has a spatial characteristic length between 2 nanometers and 4 nanometers in order to have a compact device that can measure with high spatial precision.
Claim 26 is rejected under 35 U.S.C. 103 as being unpatentable over Yager and Pettibone as applied to claim 21 above, and further in view of Jones (US 20200240992 A1).
Regarding claim 26, Yager doesn’t explicitly teach the photoluminescent material has a quantum yield greater than 15 percent.
Like Yager (and like Applicant), Jones is directed to an optical photoluminescence based system and teaches photoluminescent material has a quantum yield greater than 15 percent (paragraph 48).
It would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the above combination such that the photoluminescent material has a quantum yield greater than 15 percent in order to have high efficiency and large signal.
Claims 27-28 are rejected under 35 U.S.C. 103 as being unpatentable over Yager and Pettibone as applied to claim 22 above, and further in view of Zhang.
Regarding claim 27¸ Yager doesn’t explicitly teach the photoluminescent material includes at least one of: one or more hydrophobic fluorophores or one or more hydrophilic fluorophores.
Like Yager (and like Applicant), Zhang is directed to an optical inspection system and method and teaches a photoluminescent material includes at least one of: one or more hydrophobic fluorophores or one or more hydrophilic fluorophores (paragraphs 2, 36, 39, 41, 46, and 62). Additionally, Zhang teaches this provides the benefit of having the photoluminescent material properties adapted to the properties of the target materials (paragraphs 2, 36, 39, 41, 46, and 62).
It would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the above combination such that the photoluminescent material includes at least one of: one or more hydrophobic fluorophores or one or more hydrophilic fluorophores – in order to have the photoluminescent material properties adapted to the properties of the target materials.
Regarding claim 28, Yager doesn’t explicitly teach the linker molecule includes a self- assembled monolayer material.
Like Yager (and like Applicant), Hamasaki is also directed to an optical inspection system and provides a general teaching of including a self- assembled monolayer material (paragraphs 9, 37, 54, and 60). Additionally, Hamasaki teaches this provides the benefit of effective binding in a variety of conditions (paragraphs 9 and 60).
It would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the above combination such that the linker molecule includes a self- assembled monolayer material in order to ensure effective binding in a variety of conditions.
Claims 30 and 32 are rejected under 35 U.S.C. 103 as being unpatentable over Yager and Pettibone as applied to claim 19 above, and further in view of Yakovlev.
Regarding claim 30, Yager doesn’t explicitly teach the patterned wafer includes an integrated circuit device.
Like Yager (and like Applicant), Yakovlev is also directed to an optical inspection system and provides a general teaching of a patterned wafer includes an integrated circuit device (column 1, lines 20-30).
It would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the above combination such that the materials inspected are a part of a patterned wafer that includes an integrated circuit device in order to ensure that there the integrated circuit performs as desired by determining whether there are defects that can affect performance.
Regarding claim 32, Yager doesn’t explicitly teach the feature of interest includes a pattern of interest.
Like Yager (and like Applicant), Yakovlev is also directed to an optical inspection system and provides a general teaching of a feature of interest includes a pattern of interest (column 8, lines 30-50; column 8, line 65-67).
It would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the above combination such that the feature of interest includes a pattern of interest in order to evaluate substrates that have patterned surfaces to determine if it meets the desired quality goals.
Claim 45 and 47 are rejected under 35 U.S.C. 103 as being unpatentable over Yager, Hamasaki, Plain, and Pettibone as applied to claims 1 and 34 above, and further in view of Daggett (US 20230048960 A1).
Regarding claims 45 and 47, the above combination doesn’t explicitly teach the linker molecule comprises at least one of polydopamine (pDA), or polynorepinephrine (pNE).
Like the above combination (and like the instant application), Daggett is concerned with the problem of using linker molecules and teaches the linker molecule comprises at least one of polydopamine (pDA), or polynorepinephrine (pNE) (PDA in paragraph 414). Additionally, Daggett teaches that PDA is effective as a linker and binder (paragraph 414).
It would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the above combination such that the linker molecule comprises at least a self- assembled monolayer (SAM) – in order to ensure good binding, using a material that is known to be effective.
Claim 46 is rejected under 35 U.S.C. 103 as being unpatentable over Yager and Pettibone as applied to claim 19 above, and further in view of Daggett.
Regarding claim 46, the above combination doesn’t explicitly teach the linker molecule comprises at least one of polydopamine (pDA), or polynorepinephrine (pNE).
Like the above combination (and like the instant application), Daggett is concerned with the problem of using linker molecules and teaches the linker molecule comprises at least one of polydopamine (pDA), or polynorepinephrine (pNE) (PDA in paragraph 414). Additionally, Daggett teaches that PDA is effective as a linker and binder (paragraph 414).
It would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to modify the above combination such that the linker molecule comprises at least a self- assembled monolayer (SAM) – in order to ensure good binding, using a material that is known to be effective.
Additional Prior Art
Wassel (Scratch resistant non-fouling surfaces) which describes amino silane as a linker molecule in the abstract
Ruckh (US 10845305 B1) US 10845305 B1 reads, “(c) a pH-sensitive fluorophore that includes a hydrophobic substance and that is configured to fluoresce with a fluorescence intensity that increases or decreases as a function of the local pH over a range of pH values according to an intrinsic intensity function, wherein the intrinsic intensity function has a first rate of change of fluorescence intensity over the range of pH values” (column 2, lines 20-30).
US 9970873; cited by Applicant B1 teaches a linker molecule and monolayer.
US 20170045451 A1 Is also directed to an optical measurement using photoluminescence and teaches one can choose to make the signal proportional to either the surface area or volume (paragraphs 108, 114) The analysis of such nanoparticles by fluorescence based flow cytometry, according to the methods provided herein, can quantitatively determine the size of the nanoparticles by stoichiometric staining of the surface area using a fluorescent surface area probe or volume probe, whereby the fluorescent intensity is proportional to the surface area or volume, respectively.”
US 20070281288 A1 Readsw, “[0138] According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the determination of the concentration of the analyte is by calculating an occupation area of the fluorescent material, the occupation area being defined as a projection of an occupation volume on a plane perpendicular to a direction of the excitation light.” And “[0409] The amount of optical signals generated by the biological material is proportional to the projection area of the fluorescent material on a plane perpendicular to the direction defined by detector 108 and slice 324.
Chou (US 20140154668 A1) is also directed to optical measurements on substrates and teaches a linker comprising a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) (paragraphs 104 and 129), Additionally, Chou teaches that a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) provides good binding and optimization for diverse applications (paragraphs 129 and 182),
Conclusion
Any inquiry concerning this communication or earlier communications from the examiner should be directed to RUFUS L PHILLIPS whose telephone number is (571)270-7021. The examiner can normally be reached M-Th, 2 -10 pm.
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/RUFUS L PHILLIPS/ Examiner, Art Unit 2877
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