Prosecution Insights
Last updated: April 19, 2026
Application No. 18/752,583

GROUND SYSTEM AND RELAY CONTROL METHOD

Final Rejection §103
Filed
Jun 24, 2024
Examiner
LIETHEN, KURT PHILIP
Art Unit
3747
Tech Center
3700 — Mechanical Engineering & Manufacturing
Assignee
Kyosan Electric Mfg Co. Ltd.
OA Round
2 (Final)
79%
Grant Probability
Favorable
3-4
OA Rounds
2y 4m
To Grant
88%
With Interview

Examiner Intelligence

Grants 79% — above average
79%
Career Allow Rate
338 granted / 426 resolved
+9.3% vs TC avg
Moderate +9% lift
Without
With
+8.7%
Interview Lift
resolved cases with interview
Typical timeline
2y 4m
Avg Prosecution
37 currently pending
Career history
463
Total Applications
across all art units

Statute-Specific Performance

§101
6.1%
-33.9% vs TC avg
§103
54.3%
+14.3% vs TC avg
§102
20.5%
-19.5% vs TC avg
§112
17.1%
-22.9% vs TC avg
Black line = Tech Center average estimate • Based on career data from 426 resolved cases

Office Action

§103
DETAILED ACTION Notice of Pre-AIA or AIA Status The present application, filed on or after March 16, 2013, is being examined under the first inventor to file provisions of the AIA . Claim Status Claims 1-6 are pending in the application and have been examined. Response to Arguments Applicant’s arguments with respect to claim(s) 1-6 have been considered but are moot because the new ground of rejection does not rely on any reference applied in the prior rejection of record for any teaching or matter specifically challenged in the argument. Claim Rejections - 35 USC § 103 In the event the determination of the status of the application as subject to AIA 35 U.S.C. 102 and 103 (or as subject to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102 and 103) is incorrect, any correction of the statutory basis (i.e., changing from AIA to pre-AIA ) for the rejection will not be considered a new ground of rejection if the prior art relied upon, and the rationale supporting the rejection, would be the same under either status. The following is a quotation of 35 U.S.C. 103 which forms the basis for all obviousness rejections set forth in this Office action: A patent for a claimed invention may not be obtained, notwithstanding that the claimed invention is not identically disclosed as set forth in section 102, if the differences between the claimed invention and the prior art are such that the claimed invention as a whole would have been obvious before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to a person having ordinary skill in the art to which the claimed invention pertains. Patentability shall not be negated by the manner in which the invention was made. Claim(s) 1-2 and 5-6 are rejected under 35 U.S.C. 103 as being unpatentable over Nakamura et al. (JP2007269245A) hereinafter Nakamura, Metel et al. (US 5,751,569) hereinafter Metel, and Hilleary (US 2014/0166820 A1) hereinafter Hilleary ‘820. Claim 1: Nakamura discloses a relay ground system that has a relaying function [Fig. 3; 300], to relay notification information transmitted by a railroad crossing ground system [Fig. 3; 20] using a predetermined wireless communication protocol [¶35], the wireless communication protocol being a communication protocol under which an onboard system of a train is capable of receiving information [¶35, wireless communication with onboard device 30 and the trackside monitoring device 20], the notification information transmitted by the railroad crossing ground system including an instruction to the train based on detection information on a railroad crossing trouble and railroad crossing identification information of a railroad crossing related to the railroad crossing ground system in association with each other [¶19 weather/disaster could be crossing trouble], a wireless communication device that receives and transmits the notification information [Fig. 3; ¶35, relay transmission/reception unit 320]; and wherein wireless communication of the railroad crossing ground system has a first communication range, wireless communication of the relay ground system has a second communication range [shown in Figs. 3-4], the relay ground system is located within the first communication range of the wireless communication of the railroad crossing ground [Fig. 3 shows the direct communication between 20 and 300] the relay section causes the wireless communication device to transmit the received notification information to the onboard system of the train using the wireless communication protocol when the train is located within the second communication range of the wireless communication of the relay ground system but outside the first communication range of the wireless communication of the railroad crossing ground system [as shown in Fig. 3 as opposed to Fig. 4 when 20 can directly communicate with 30]. Nakamura doesn’t explicitly disclose the relay ground system comprising: a storage section that stores the railroad crossing identification information of the railroad crossing that is a relay target of the notification information, as relay-required railroad crossing identification information; a relay section that determines whether to relay the railroad crossing identification information included in the received notification information through comparison with the relay-required railroad crossing identification information, and if a result of the determination is affirmative, causes the wireless communication device to transmit the received notification information to the onboard system of the train using the wireless communication protocol; and a railroad crossing ground system However, Metel discloses the relay ground system comprising: a storage section that stores the railroad crossing identification information of the railroad crossing that is a relay target of the notification information, as relay-required railroad crossing identification information; [abstract; col. 3, lines 38-45] a relay section that determines whether to relay the railroad crossing identification information included in the received notification information through comparison with the relay-required railroad crossing identification information, and if a result of the determination is affirmative, causes the wireless communication device to transmit the received notification information to the onboard system of the train using the wireless communication protocol [abstract; col. 3, lines 38-45]. Further, Hilleary ‘820 discloses a railroad crossing ground system [114; ¶54]. It would have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the invention to combine the railroad system of Nakamura with the railroad identification information of Metel to ensure communication is made to the appropriate equipment. It would have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the invention to combine the railroad system of Nakamura and Metel with the railroad crossing of Hilleary '820 to provide relay and information at a critical juncture along the railway. Claim 2: Nakamura, Metel, and Hilleary ‘820, as shown in the rejection above, disclose all the limitations of claim 1. Nakamura doesn’t explicitly disclose wherein the storage section stores the railroad crossing identification information of the railroad crossing existing in a direction from the ground system to the railroad crossing that is a predetermined direction, as the relay-required railroad crossing identification information. However, Metel does disclose wherein the storage section stores the railroad crossing identification information of the railroad crossing existing in a direction from the ground system to the railroad crossing that is a predetermined direction, as the relay-required railroad crossing identification information. [col. 1, line 65 to col. 2, line 2; adjacent logic neighbors inherently implies a directional relationship] Claim 5: Nakamura, Metel, and Hilleary ‘820, as shown in the rejection above, disclose all the limitations of claim 1. Nakamura also discloses comprising a function of the railroad crossing ground system [¶19; a railroad crossing is encompassed within, "along the railway line"]. Claim 6: Claim 6 is rejected for similar reasons as claim 1. Claim(s) 3 is/are rejected under 35 U.S.C. 103 as being unpatentable over Nakamura, Metel, and Hilleary ‘820 as applied to claim 1 above, and further in view of ERA * UNSIG * EEIG ERTMS USERS GROUP ERTMS/ETMS System Requirements Specification hereinafter ETMS. Claim 3: Nakamura, Metel, and Hilleary ‘820, as shown in the rejection above, disclose all the limitations of claim 1. Nakamura also discloses wherein the railroad crossing ground system sends the notification information to be sent in an inbound direction including train incoming direction information indicating the inbound direction, and sends the notification information to be sent in an outbound direction including train incoming direction information indicating the outbound direction [Fig. 1 shows traveling direction arrows which inherently implies directionality]. Nakamura doesn’t explicitly disclose the relay section determines that it is not necessary to relay the notification information if the train incoming direction information included in the notification information received by the wireless communication device is different from the direction from the ground system to the railroad crossing related to the notification information. However, ETMS does disclose the relay section determines that it is not necessary to relay the notification information if the train incoming direction information included in the notification information received by the wireless communication device is different from the direction from the ground system to the railroad crossing related to the notification information. [7.5.1.103 Q_DIR] It would have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the invention to combine the railroad system of Nakamura, Metel, and Hilleary ‘820 with the standards of ETMS to improve efficiency of relay communications. Claim(s) 4 is/are rejected under 35 U.S.C. 103 as being unpatentable over Nakamura, Metel, and Hilleary ‘820 as applied to claim 1 above, and further in view of Hilleary (US 2017/0313331 A1) hereinafter Hilleary ‘331. Claim 4: Nakamura, Metel, and Hilleary ‘820, as shown in the rejection above, disclose all the limitations of claim 1. Nakamura doesn’t explicitly disclose wherein the notification information further includes an ID of the notification information and information indicating the number of relay counts that is the number of times the notification information was relayed, and if a plurality of pieces of the notification information with the same ID are received by the reception section, the relay section determines the notification information that includes the smallest number of relay counts and includes the railroad crossing identification information that matches the relay-required railroad crossing identification information, as the notification information to be relayed, updates the number of relay counts included in the determined notification information, and relays the determined notification information. However, Hilleary ‘331 does disclose wherein the notification information further includes an ID of the notification information and information indicating the number of relay counts that is the number of times the notification information was relayed, and if a plurality of pieces of the notification information with the same ID are received by the reception section, the relay section determines the notification information that includes the smallest number of relay counts and includes the railroad crossing identification information that matches the relay-required railroad crossing identification information, as the notification information to be relayed, updates the number of relay counts included in the determined notification information, and relays the determined notification information. [¶91, 95; a person of ordinary skill in the art would recognize the limitation as hop counting and optimization]. It would have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the invention to combine the railroad system of Nakamura, Metel, and Hilleary ‘820 with the hop counting of Hilleary '331 to reduce latency. Conclusion Applicant's amendment necessitated the new ground(s) of rejection presented in this Office action. Accordingly, THIS ACTION IS MADE FINAL. See MPEP § 706.07(a). Applicant is reminded of the extension of time policy as set forth in 37 CFR 1.136(a). A shortened statutory period for reply to this final action is set to expire THREE MONTHS from the mailing date of this action. In the event a first reply is filed within TWO MONTHS of the mailing date of this final action and the advisory action is not mailed until after the end of the THREE-MONTH shortened statutory period, then the shortened statutory period will expire on the date the advisory action is mailed, and any nonprovisional extension fee (37 CFR 1.17(a)) pursuant to 37 CFR 1.136(a) will be calculated from the mailing date of the advisory action. In no event, however, will the statutory period for reply expire later than SIX MONTHS from the mailing date of this final action. Any inquiry concerning this communication or earlier communications from the examiner should be directed to KURT P LIETHEN whose telephone number is (313)446-6596. The examiner can normally be reached Mon - Fri, 8 AM - 4 PM. Examiner interviews are available via telephone, in-person, and video conferencing using a USPTO supplied web-based collaboration tool. To schedule an interview, applicant is encouraged to use the USPTO Automated Interview Request (AIR) at http://www.uspto.gov/interviewpractice. If attempts to reach the examiner by telephone are unsuccessful, the examiner’s supervisor, Lindsay Low can be reached at (571)272-1196. The fax phone number for the organization where this application or proceeding is assigned is 571-273-8300. Information regarding the status of published or unpublished applications may be obtained from Patent Center. Unpublished application information in Patent Center is available to registered users. To file and manage patent submissions in Patent Center, visit: https://patentcenter.uspto.gov. Visit https://www.uspto.gov/patents/apply/patent-center for more information about Patent Center and https://www.uspto.gov/patents/docx for information about filing in DOCX format. For additional questions, contact the Electronic Business Center (EBC) at 866-217-9197 (toll-free). If you would like assistance from a USPTO Customer Service Representative, call 800-786-9199 (IN USA OR CANADA) or 571-272-1000. KURT P. LIETHEN Primary Examiner Art Unit 3747 /KURT PHILIP LIETHEN/ Primary Examiner, Art Unit 3747
Read full office action

Prosecution Timeline

Jun 24, 2024
Application Filed
Sep 05, 2025
Non-Final Rejection — §103
Nov 22, 2025
Response Filed
Mar 11, 2026
Final Rejection — §103 (current)

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Study what changed to get past this examiner. Based on 5 most recent grants.

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Prosecution Projections

3-4
Expected OA Rounds
79%
Grant Probability
88%
With Interview (+8.7%)
2y 4m
Median Time to Grant
Moderate
PTA Risk
Based on 426 resolved cases by this examiner. Grant probability derived from career allow rate.

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