Prosecution Insights
Last updated: April 19, 2026
Application No. 18/988,182

RECOMMENDATION SYSTEM WITH REDUCED BIAS BASED ON A VIEW HISTORY

Non-Final OA §DP
Filed
Dec 19, 2024
Examiner
KURIEN, CHRISTEN A
Art Unit
2421
Tech Center
2400 — Computer Networks
Assignee
Roku Inc.
OA Round
1 (Non-Final)
56%
Grant Probability
Moderate
1-2
OA Rounds
3y 6m
To Grant
84%
With Interview

Examiner Intelligence

Grants 56% of resolved cases
56%
Career Allow Rate
249 granted / 446 resolved
-2.2% vs TC avg
Strong +28% interview lift
Without
With
+27.8%
Interview Lift
resolved cases with interview
Typical timeline
3y 6m
Avg Prosecution
16 currently pending
Career history
462
Total Applications
across all art units

Statute-Specific Performance

§101
9.7%
-30.3% vs TC avg
§103
66.9%
+26.9% vs TC avg
§102
13.8%
-26.2% vs TC avg
§112
3.8%
-36.2% vs TC avg
Black line = Tech Center average estimate • Based on career data from 446 resolved cases

Office Action

§DP
Notice of Pre-AIA or AIA Status The present application, filed on or after March 16, 2013, is being examined under the first inventor to file provisions of the AIA . Notice of Pre-AIA or AIA Status The present application, filed on or after March 16, 2013, is being examined under the first inventor to file provisions of the AIA . Double Patenting The nonstatutory double patenting rejection is based on a judicially created doctrine grounded in public policy (a policy reflected in the statute) so as to prevent the unjustified or improper timewise extension of the “right to exclude” granted by a patent and to prevent possible harassment by multiple assignees. A nonstatutory double patenting rejection is appropriate where the conflicting claims are not identical, but at least one examined application claim is not patentably distinct from the reference claim(s) because the examined application claim is either anticipated by, or would have been obvious over, the reference claim(s). See, e.g., In re Berg, 140 F.3d 1428, 46 USPQ2d 1226 (Fed. Cir. 1998); In re Goodman, 11 F.3d 1046, 29 USPQ2d 2010 (Fed. Cir. 1993); In re Longi, 759 F.2d 887, 225 USPQ 645 (Fed. Cir. 1985); In re Van Ornum, 686 F.2d 937, 214 USPQ 761 (CCPA 1982); In re Vogel, 422 F.2d 438, 164 USPQ 619 (CCPA 1970); In re Thorington, 418 F.2d 528, 163 USPQ 644 (CCPA 1969). A timely filed terminal disclaimer in compliance with 37 CFR 1.321(c) or 1.321(d) may be used to overcome an actual or provisional rejection based on nonstatutory double patenting provided the reference application or patent either is shown to be commonly owned with the examined application, or claims an invention made as a result of activities undertaken within the scope of a joint research agreement. See MPEP § 717.02 for applications subject to examination under the first inventor to file provisions of the AIA as explained in MPEP § 2159. See MPEP §§ 706.02(l)(1) - 706.02(l)(3) for applications not subject to examination under the first inventor to file provisions of the AIA . A terminal disclaimer must be signed in compliance with 37 CFR 1.321(b). The USPTO Internet website contains terminal disclaimer forms which may be used. Please visit www.uspto.gov/patent/patents-forms. The filing date of the application in which the form is filed determines what form (e.g., PTO/SB/25, PTO/SB/26, PTO/AIA /25, or PTO/AIA /26) should be used. A web-based eTerminal Disclaimer may be filled out completely online using web-screens. An eTerminal Disclaimer that meets all requirements is auto-processed and approved immediately upon submission. For more information about eTerminal Disclaimers, refer to www.uspto.gov/patents/process/file/efs/guidance/eTD-info-I.jsp. Claim 1-20 is rejected on the ground of nonstatutory double patenting as being unpatentable over claims 1-21 of U.S. Patent No. 12219190. Although the claims at issue are not identical, they are not patentably distinct from each other because they are different definitions or descriptions of the same subject matter varying in breadth and because of the claims in the instant application are broader than the claims in '190. A comparison of the claim language follows, where the similar language is underlined for identification: U.S. Patent No. 12219190 Instant Application 18/988182 1. A computing device, comprising: one or more memories; and at least one processor each coupled to at least one of the memories and configured to: access a view history of a user account, the view history stored in and accessed from a storage device accessible by the at least one processor, the view history collected from a media device associated with the user account, the view history comprising at least a first item and a second item viewed by the user account in sequence within a predetermined time interval, the first item and the second item viewed on a display device associated with the media device, the storage device storing a plurality of view histories associated with a plurality of user accounts and collected from a plurality of media devices, the plurality of user accounts including the user account and a plurality of additional user accounts; generate a co-watch graph based on the view history of the user account, wherein the co-watch graph comprises a plurality of nodes including a first node corresponding to the first item viewed by the user account, a second node corresponding to the second item viewed by the user account, and an edge between the first node and the second node; assign an initial node weight of the first node to the first node representing a first number of times the first item has been viewed by the user account; assign an initial node weight of the second node to the second node representing a second number of times the second item has been viewed by the user account; assign an initial weight of the edge to the edge between the first node and the second node representing a number of co-occurrence times that the first item and the second item have been viewed in sequence within the predetermined time interval; adjust the initial weight of the edge to remove bias to derive a normalized weight of the edge based on the initial weight of the edge, the initial node weight of the first node, and the initial node weight of the second node; for a current item being viewed by the user account represented by a current node of the co-watch graph, select, based on the co-watch graph with the edge having the normalized weight, a recommended item represented by an associated node in the co-watch graph; determine a probability that the recommended item will be viewed by the user account as a maximal probability of being viewed by the user account; and command the media device to display the recommended item on the display device based on the selection of the recommended item. 1. A computing device, comprising: one or more memories; and at least one processor each coupled to at least one of the memories and configured to perform operations comprising: accessing a view history of a user account, the view history stored in and accessed from a storage device accessible by the at least one processor, the view history collected from a media device associated with the user account, the view history comprising at least a first item and a second item viewed by the user account in sequence within a predetermined time interval, the first item and the second item viewed on a display device associated with the media device, the storage device storing a plurality of view histories associated with a plurality of user accounts and collected from a plurality of media devices, the plurality of user accounts including the user account and a plurality of additional user accounts; generating a co-watch graph based on the view history of the user account, wherein the co-watch graph comprises a plurality of nodes including a first node corresponding to the first item viewed by the user account, a second node corresponding to the second item viewed by the user account, and an edge between the first node and the second node; for a current item being viewed by the user account represented by a current node of the co-watch graph, selecting, based on the co-watch graph, a recommended item represented by an associated node in the co-watch graph, wherein the selecting the recommended item comprises: generating an ordered sequence of nodes of the co-watch graph coupled to the current node, wherein: each respective node of the ordered sequence of nodes represents a corresponding item being viewed by the user account, each respective node of the ordered sequence of nodes has an adjusted node weight respectively based on a context of the respective node and a predetermined watching history context factor, and at least one pair of nodes in the ordered sequence of nodes has an edge between a first node of the pair of nodes and a second node of the pair of nodes, a weight of the edge representing a number of co-occurrence times that a first item represented by the first node and a second item represented by the second node have been viewed in sequence within the predetermined time interval, the weight of the edge being adjusted to remove bias; for each respective node of the ordered sequence of nodes, determining a corresponding probability of the corresponding item being viewed by the user account based on a corpus including a plurality of items viewed by a plurality of additional user accounts; and selecting the recommended item of the current item as represented by a maximal node of the ordered sequence of nodes having a maximal probability of being viewed by the user account among the probabilities of the corresponding items of each respective node of the ordered sequence of nodes; determining a probability that the recommended item will be viewed by the user account as the maximal probability of being viewed by the user account; and commanding the media device to display the recommended item on the display device based on the selection of the recommended item. U.S. Patent No. 12219190 Instant Application 18/988182 10. A method performed by at least one computing device, comprising: accessing a view history of a user account, the view history stored in and accessed from a storage device accessible by the at least one computing device, the view history collected from a media device associated with the user account, the view history comprising at least a first item and a second item viewed by the user account in sequence within a predetermined time interval, the first item and the second item viewed on a display device associated with the media device, the storage device storing a plurality of view histories associated with a plurality of user accounts and collected from a plurality of media devices, the plurality of user accounts including the user account and a plurality of additional user accounts; generating a co-watch graph based on the view history of the user account, wherein the co-watch graph comprises a plurality of nodes including a first node corresponding to the first item viewed by the user account, a second node corresponding to the second item viewed by the user account, and an edge between the first node and the second node; assigning an initial node weight of the first node to the first node representing a first number of times the first item has been viewed by the user account; assigning an initial node weight of the second node to the second node representing a second number of times the second item has been viewed by the user account; assigning an initial weight of the edge to the edge between the first node and the second node representing a number of co-occurrence times that the first item and the second item have been viewed in sequence within the predetermined time interval; adjusting the initial weight of the edge to remove bias to derive a normalized weight of the edge based on the initial weight of the edge, the initial node weight of the first node, and the initial node weight of the second node; for a current item being viewed by the user account represented by a current node of the co-watch graph, selecting, based on the co-watch graph with the edge having the normalized weight, a recommended item represented by an associated node in the co-watch graph; determining a probability that the recommended item will be viewed by the user account as a maximal probability of being viewed by the user account; and commanding the media device to display the recommended item on the display device based on the selection of the recommended item. 8. A computer-implemented method, comprising: accessing, by at least one computer processor, a view history of a user account, the view history stored in and accessed from a storage device accessible by the at least one processor, the view history collected from a media device associated with the user account, the view history comprising at least a first item and a second item viewed by the user account in sequence within a predetermined time interval, the first item and the second item viewed on a display device associated with the media device, the storage device storing a plurality of view histories associated with a plurality of user accounts and collected from a plurality of media devices, the plurality of user accounts including the user account and a plurality of additional user accounts; generating a co-watch graph based on the view history of the user account, wherein the co-watch graph comprises a plurality of nodes including a first node corresponding to the first item viewed by the user account, a second node corresponding to the second item viewed by the user account, and an edge between the first node and the second node; for a current item being viewed by the user account represented by a current node of the co-watch graph, selecting, based on the co-watch graph, a recommended item represented by an associated node in the co-watch graph, wherein the selecting the recommended item comprises: generating an ordered sequence of nodes of the co-watch graph coupled to the current node, wherein: each respective node of the ordered sequence of nodes represents a corresponding item being viewed by the user account, each respective node of the ordered sequence of nodes has an adjusted node weight respectively based on a context of the respective node and a predetermined watching history context factor, and at least one pair of nodes in the ordered sequence of nodes has an edge between a first node of the pair of nodes and a second node of the pair of nodes, a weight of the edge representing a number of co-occurrence times that a first item represented by the first node and a second item represented by the second node have been viewed in sequence within the predetermined time interval, the weight of the edge being adjusted to remove bias; for each respective node of the ordered sequence of nodes, determining a corresponding probability of the corresponding item being viewed by the user account based on a corpus including a plurality of items viewed by a plurality of additional user accounts; and selecting the recommended item of the current item as represented by a maximal node of the ordered sequence of nodes having a maximal probability of being viewed by the user account among the probabilities of the corresponding items of each respective node of the ordered sequence of nodes; determining a probability that the recommended item will be viewed by the user account as the maximal probability of being viewed by the user account; and commanding the media device to display the recommended item on the display device based on the selection of the recommended item. U.S. Patent No. 12219190 Instant Application 18/988182 17. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having instructions stored thereon that, when executed by at least a computing device, cause the computing device to perform operations comprising: accessing a view history of a user account, the view history stored in and accessed from a storage device accessible by the at least one computing device, the view history collected from a media device associated with the user account, the view history comprising at least a first item and a second item viewed by the user account in sequence within a predetermined time interval, the first item and the second item viewed on a display device associated with the media device, the storage device storing a plurality of view histories associated with a plurality of user accounts and collected from a plurality of media devices, the plurality of user accounts including the user account and a plurality of additional user accounts; generating a co-watch graph based on the view history of the user account, wherein the co-watch graph comprises a plurality of nodes including a first node corresponding to the first item viewed by the user account, a second node corresponding to the second item viewed by the user account, and an edge between the first node and the second node; assigning an initial node weight of the first node to the first node representing a first number of times the first item has been viewed by the user account; assigning an initial node weight of the second node to the second node representing a second number of times the second item has been viewed by the user account; assigning an initial weight of the edge to the edge between the first node and the second node representing a number of co-occurrence times that the first item and the second item have been viewed in sequence within the predetermined time interval; adjusting the initial weight of the edge to remove bias to derive a normalized weight of the edge based on the initial weight of the edge, the initial node weight of the first node, and the initial node weight of the second node; for a current item being viewed by the user account represented by a current node of the co-watch graph, selecting, based on the co-watch graph with the edge having the normalized weight, a recommended item represented by an associated node in the co-watch graph; determining a probability that the recommended item will be viewed by the user account as a maximal probability of being viewed by the user account; and commanding the media device to display the recommended item on the display device based on the selection of the recommended item. 8. A computer-implemented method, comprising: accessing, by at least one computer processor, a view history of a user account, the view history stored in and accessed from a storage device accessible by the at least one processor, the view history collected from a media device associated with the user account, the view history comprising at least a first item and a second item viewed by the user account in sequence within a predetermined time interval, the first item and the second item viewed on a display device associated with the media device, the storage device storing a plurality of view histories associated with a plurality of user accounts and collected from a plurality of media devices, the plurality of user accounts including the user account and a plurality of additional user accounts; generating a co-watch graph based on the view history of the user account, wherein the co-watch graph comprises a plurality of nodes including a first node corresponding to the first item viewed by the user account, a second node corresponding to the second item viewed by the user account, and an edge between the first node and the second node; for a current item being viewed by the user account represented by a current node of the co-watch graph, selecting, based on the co-watch graph, a recommended item represented by an associated node in the co-watch graph, wherein the selecting the recommended item comprises: generating an ordered sequence of nodes of the co-watch graph coupled to the current node, wherein: each respective node of the ordered sequence of nodes represents a corresponding item being viewed by the user account, each respective node of the ordered sequence of nodes has an adjusted node weight respectively based on a context of the respective node and a predetermined watching history context factor, and at least one pair of nodes in the ordered sequence of nodes has an edge between a first node of the pair of nodes and a second node of the pair of nodes, a weight of the edge representing a number of co-occurrence times that a first item represented by the first node and a second item represented by the second node have been viewed in sequence within the predetermined time interval, the weight of the edge being adjusted to remove bias; for each respective node of the ordered sequence of nodes, determining a corresponding probability of the corresponding item being viewed by the user account based on a corpus including a plurality of items viewed by a plurality of additional user accounts; and selecting the recommended item of the current item as represented by a maximal node of the ordered sequence of nodes having a maximal probability of being viewed by the user account among the probabilities of the corresponding items of each respective node of the ordered sequence of nodes; determining a probability that the recommended item will be viewed by the user account as the maximal probability of being viewed by the user account; and commanding the media device to display the recommended item on the display device based on the selection of the recommended item. Claims 2-7, 9-14, and 16-20 of the instant application are similar to claims 2-9, 11-16, and 18-20 in patent application ‘190. Conclusion Any inquiry concerning this communication or earlier communications from the examiner should be directed to CHRISTINE A KURIEN whose telephone number is (571)270-5694. The examiner can normally be reached M-F; 7:30-4:30. Examiner interviews are available via telephone, in-person, and video conferencing using a USPTO supplied web-based collaboration tool. To schedule an interview, applicant is encouraged to use the USPTO Automated Interview Request (AIR) at http://www.uspto.gov/interviewpractice. If attempts to reach the examiner by telephone are unsuccessful, the examiner’s supervisor, Nathan Flynn can be reached on 571-272-1915. The fax phone number for the organization where this application or proceeding is assigned is 571-273-8300. Information regarding the status of published or unpublished applications may be obtained from Patent Center. Unpublished application information in Patent Center is available to registered users. To file and manage patent submissions in Patent Center, visit: https://patentcenter.uspto.gov. Visit https://www.uspto.gov/patents/apply/patent-center for more information about Patent Center and https://www.uspto.gov/patents/docx for information about filing in DOCX format. For additional questions, contact the Electronic Business Center (EBC) at 866-217-9197 (toll-free). If you would like assistance from a USPTO Customer Service Representative, call 800-786-9199 (IN USA OR CANADA) or 571-272-1000. /CHRISTINE A KURIEN/Examiner, Art Unit 2421 /NATHAN J FLYNN/Supervisory Patent Examiner, Art Unit 2421
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Prosecution Timeline

Dec 19, 2024
Application Filed
Feb 07, 2026
Non-Final Rejection — §DP (current)

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Study what changed to get past this examiner. Based on 5 most recent grants.

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Prosecution Projections

1-2
Expected OA Rounds
56%
Grant Probability
84%
With Interview (+27.8%)
3y 6m
Median Time to Grant
Low
PTA Risk
Based on 446 resolved cases by this examiner. Grant probability derived from career allow rate.

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